商业信用

Risks arising from the lack of a set of scientific and efficient risk prevention mechanism, the incomplete establishment of the national credit system and the morbidity of the relevant legal regulations have gradually become the bottleneck for notational commercial banks' credit for private auto consumption.

由于目前我国商业银行自身还缺乏一整套科学有效的风险防范机制，加上我国社会信用体系尚未完全建立，与个人汽车消费信贷相关的法律法规还不健全等，风险问题已逐渐成为商业银行个人汽车消费信贷的瓶颈，该项业务的发展受到严重阻碍。

The main conclusions are as follows: financial innovation has changed the impact pattern of volatility of real estate prices on commercial banks' assets; the impact in China mainly concentrates on real estate-related loans based on banks' liabilities and is limited; Chinese commercial banks should accelerate the pace of asset securitization business but prudentially develop credit derivatives.

研究表明：金融创新改变了房地产价格波动对商业银行资产的影响模式；中国房价波动对商业银行资产的影响主要集中在源于银行负债发放的贷款领域，但总体影响有限；中国应加快发展银行资产证券化业务，谨慎发展信用衍生产品。

They shall make strict examination of the genuine trade background, prevent arbitrage of banks' discount funds with commercial acceptance bills and other activities in violation of any law or rule, they shall improve the qualification examination procedures, make earnest investigations on the credit and debt repayment capacities of the acceptance enterprises and the enterprises applying for discount, and prudentially grant credit to enterprises with poor credit standing and financial conditions, so as to avoid newly added non-performing assets, they shall include the credit granting quota for discount, surety or discount surety of commercial acceptance bills into the comprehensive credit granting quota for management, control the total amount, and make dynamic adjustments at proper times in light of the conditions of the accepting enterprises and the enterprises applying for discount in respect of finance, credit and business operation, etc.

进行严格的真实贸易背景审查，防止利用商业承兑汇票套取银行贴现资金以及进行其他违法违规活动；完善资格审核程序，对承兑企业和贴现申请企业进行切实的资信、偿债能力调查，对资信和财务状况欠佳的企业要谨慎授信，避免新增不良资产；将商业承兑汇票贴现、保证、保贴业务的授信额度纳入综合授信额度管理，实行总量控制，并根据承兑企业和贴现申请企业的财务、信用和经营等状况适时动态调整。

If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance The seller can

如卖方开出的是远期汇票，以此向买方提供信用，此时就做了一笔商业汇票承兑业务，卖方可以请银行买下商业承兑汇票，银行用这个办法对出口商融资，也就是说，银行对该汇票贴现了。

If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance The seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft The bank is said to discount the draft.

如卖方开出的是远期汇票，以此向买方提供信用，此时就做了一笔商业汇票承兑业务，卖方可以请银行买下商业承兑汇票，银行用这个办法对出口商融资，也就是说，银行对该汇票贴现了。

If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance. The seller can request the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft.

如卖方开出的是远期汇票，以此向买方提供信用，此时就做了一笔商业汇票承兑业务，卖方可以请银行买下商业承兑汇票，银行用这个办法对出口商融资，也就是说，银行对该汇票贴现了。

Part II also studies the risk situation of domestic banks and the causes leading to the formation of those risks and the author's conclusion is that Chinese banks in particular the four largest state-owned banks are characterized by the following risks:(1)the high percentage of problem loans;(2)poor profit-earning capability;(3)few channels of generating income;(4)heavy burden of tax and other expenditures;(5)the lower percentage of self-owned capitals;(6)poor liquidity;(7)the unsoundness and imperfectness of the internal management structure risk management mechanism and company management structure; to make matters worse, Chinese banks are cornered by our social and economical environments such as the unfledged market mechanism, the poor credit degree of our community, the deficiency of legal system in protecting the legitimate rights and interests of creditors and local protectionism in subordinating banks' credits to those of local parties concerned,etc.

本文还对国内银行风险状况及其成因进行分析，认为目前我国银行业处于高风险状态，主要表现为：在银行经营管理方面，国有商业银行不良资产占比过高(占全部贷款的26.62%)，商业银行盈利性差，收入的多样性差，税赋重，自有资本金比例低，流动性不足，内部控制及公司治理机制等管理制度不健全、不完善等；在社会、法制环境方面，市场机制不健全，社会信用程度低，法律制度不完善，地方保护倾向明显，等等。

According to President Lin Chun-shin, the original intention of notes was to make payments in a large amount in business activities to reduce the inconvenience and risk of paying in cash. As we could issue notes cashable in a future time, credit expansion arose and dependence on physical capital reduced. However, in business activities in which time counted, notes would be difficult to cash as a result of a financial crisis. Therefore, people playing a dominant role in business often collected accounts in cash and paid with notes and accepted short-term notes and made payments in long-term notes in order to maintain high cash availability.

林俊兴董事长表示，票据使用的本意为支付商业活动中的大额款项，免除使用现金的不便与风险，由於可以开出未来才兑现的票据，因此衍生信用扩张，减少对实质资本的依赖，不过，精算时差的商业活动，当遭遇金融风暴时极易发生连锁无法兑现清偿的情形，故在商场上居强势地位者，多半是以收现付票、收短付长来维持较高的现金存量。

The type of commercial bank risk in our nation is almost the same with that of the western commercial bank, and can be divided into credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operation risk, policy risk and financial grifting risk and so on based on risk factor.

我国商业银行的风险类型与西方商业银行的风险类型基本相同，从风险因素角度，划分为信用风险、市场风险、流动性风险、操作风险、政策性风险和金融诈骗风险等基本风险。

On one hand, conglomerate companies as the representative of a country's industry and competitive standard bring conspicuous accumulating effects to commercial banks, on the other hand, the united companies usually have capital chain risks and banking system risks in case of finance risks because of their comparative huge credit facilities as well as unlimited credit owners.

一方面，集团企业作为一个国家产业实力和竞争力的标志，成为商业银行重点拓展的客户群体，也为商业银行带来了明显的规模聚集效应，另一方面，集团客户由于融资规模巨大、债权银行较多，一旦出现信用风险，往往产生连锁的资金链风险和系统的银行风险。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了