商业上

It is learned that China's commercial real estate development there are still a number of shortcomings, one of which is the development of the concept of the blind, and some commercial real estate development companies inaccurate positioning of the project, the development of the commercial format is not clear, there is no sequence, such as investment management plan, which led to the development of real estate projects follow-up can not keep up; Second, the existing part of the commercial real estate development enterprises are engaged in housing construction origin, the former in order to sell an end in itself, is an obvious short-term business; while the latter is obtained through the lease operators for the purpose of long-term returns, the differences between the two was not by a clear understanding of corporate decision-makers, at the same time affected the design and planning until the latter part of the management and many other links.

据了解，中国的商业房地产的发展仍然存在着一些缺点，其中之一是发展的概念的盲人，和一些商业性房地产开发公司的定位不准确的项目，发展商业形式目前尚不清楚，也没有序列，如投资管理计划，这导致房地产开发项目的后续行动跟不上，二是现有的部分商业房地产开发企业从事住宅建设出身，前者以销售本身就是一个目标，是一个明显的短期业务；而后者则是通过租赁运营商的目的是长期回报，两国之间的分歧不是由一个清楚地了解企业的决策者，同时影响了设计和规划直至后期的管理和许多其它联系。

This thesis adopts foreign successful experiences on disposing of non-performing asset and brings forward conceivability to accelerating the reform of state-owned commercial banks, which uses bondly institutional, organizational, marketable and financial operational innovation by analyzing the conditions of non-performing asset, deeper forming reasons and the experiences and lessons disposing of them. Then we should sustaining enrich the approaches and means of disposing of non-performing asset, and shape a new system and market, and its aim is to accelerate economic development and to reduce financial risk, and to ensure moderate and persistent development of state-owned commercial banks.

本文在吸收借鉴国外处置不良资产成功经验的基础上，通过分析国内不良资产的现状、形成的深层次原因、处理不良资产的经验教训，提出了大胆利用制度创新、组织创新、市场创新、金融业务创新加速国有商业银行不良资产处置的操作构想，通过不断丰富不良资产处置的途径与手段，形成全新的制度与市场，以达到标本兼治的目的，旨在使国有商业银行更好的促进经济发展的同时，降低资产风险，保障国有商业银行的稳健运营、持续发展。

I hereby request that the Commerce Bank Card cardholder account imprinted above be credited with the amount shown hereon as Total because of the return of, or adjustments on, the goods and/or services described, and authorize the bank to which this credit slip is delivered to charge my account in my membership agreement in the Commerce Bank Card System.

在此我要求把本单据上所列的货物和服务总计金额记入票上所印的商业最行信用卡持卡人账户贷方，并授权收单银行根据我的商业银行信用卡体制成员协议规定将其记在我的账上

With the investigate of the strict restrict of the personal foreign trade, strict system of toll-gate,high impost and the recordation of come-and-go peoples from the multi-strip which excavated in XuanQuan,DunHuang,we think that the viewpoint of Mr YuYingshi and Mr Michael Loewe were need to deliberate.

这样一种交换，汉朝非但不能从经济上获得利益，反而要背上沉重的负担，从纯经济的角度而言是不划算的，并不是一种纯商业意义上的交换，就此而言，在汉朝的对外交往中，纯粹的商业贸易不能说没有，至少相对于朝贡往来而言是比较少见的。

This thesis through criterion and empirical study, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and antitheses, taking into account situation of Chinese commercial bank and using for reference foreign popular commercial bank interest rate risk measurement method—VaR model, quantitates interest rate risk faced by Chinese commercial bank, and is searching for Chinese commercial bank interest rate risk measurement method.

本文通过采用规范与实证、定性与定量和对比分析等方法，通过理论分析，并结合我国商业银行利率风险的现状，在借鉴国外商业银行目前广泛使用的利率风险测度技术——VaR模型的基础上，量化我国商业银行所面临的利率风险，探寻适合我国商业银行的利率风险测度方法。

From the body in terms of quantity is not too small, especially in some cities and some structure not reasonable, so it should be said that commercial real estate there have been some signs of overheating, and now the Ministry of Commerce is also the judge that the commercial real estate there is a problem now, but these problem may be some signs of problems, from the overall point of view, our country the construction of commercial outlets or to the further development of the volume of commercial outlets not more than the total or inadequate.

从尸体在数量上是不是太小了，特别是在一些城市和一些结构不合理，所以应该说，商业地产出现了一些过热迹象，而现在商务部也法官，商业房地产存在问题，但这些问题可能是一些迹象的问题，从整体的角度来看，我们的国家建设的商业网点或进一步发展的商业网点数量不超过总或不足。

Their entrance to market to a great extent implied the all-covering control of society by commercial connexions; whereas in Middle Age, the commercial connextions embodied in cities looked as if one after another island surrounded in ocean of natural economy.

5希腊商业经济不仅体现在手工业和商业的发展上，还体现在农业领域的市场化，农业经济极大程度地进入市场，意味着商业关系对社会的全面统治；而在中世纪，城市所体现的商业关系只是自然经济汪洋大海中的一个个孤岛。

From the point of practice and dvelopment, how to impove the ability of credit risk management for Yinchuan city commercial bank is discussed surrounding the client raiting and credit extention, measures of credit risk, management strategies of credit risk, conclusions of the paper are listed as the following:Through positive analysis, the current methods of client rating and credit extension is simple and convenient for application, there are four disadvantages in index system of it: non-customer subdivision, non-consideration factors on industrial risks, larger quantitative indicators ratio, non-consideration factors on affiliated enterprise risk, and some corrective measures are put forward to solve it, customer subdivision, factors-added on industrial risks, set stationarity indices ratio in reason, factors-added on affiliated enterprise risk; From the point of development, Based on the technology of Value-at-Risk and CreditMetrics model we discussed the methods of credit risk analysis and measurement and gave the example of how to calculate the VaR value of individual loan and combined loan; This paper probes into the strategies which raise the ability of credit risk management for Yinchuan city commercial bank from five aspects, including strengthen the inner control, improve the technique level of risk management through information technique, solve the problem of non-performing loan, adjust the credit orientation and structure, foster credit culture with its core based on risk control.

从实践和发展的角度出发，围绕客户评级授信、信贷风险测量、信贷风险管理策略三个方面，就如何提高银川市商业银行信贷风险管理水平展开研究，得出以下结论：通过实证分析，银川市商业银行现有的客户评级授信方法具有方法简单、易于推广的优点，但客户评级授信指标体系具有客户分组不细、未考虑行业风险因素、定量指标占比过大、未考虑关联企业风险因素的缺点，应通过细化客户分组，增加行业风险因素指标、合理设定定性指标比重、增加关联企业风险评价指标等措施进行改进；从发展的角度出发，在基于VaR框架和CreditMetrics模型技术的基础上，探讨了银川市商业银行信贷风险分析和度量的方法，给出了采用CreditMetrics模型技术计算单笔贷款、组合贷款VAR值的例子；从五个角度探讨了提高银川市商业银行信贷风险管理能力的策略和手段，包括强化信贷风险内控管理机制、利用信息技术提高信贷风险管理技术水平、综合治理化解不良资产、调整信贷结构、建立以风险控制为核心的信贷文化等对策。

The real motivation of this thesis is searching for the development of office buildings and the trend of architectural style, and trying to find out the reasons why the style will be transformed. This thesis attempts to study the reasons behind the background, condition, trend and transformation from 1945 to 1997 in Taiwan.Besides, its timetable is defined by technological 、 social and economic factors, and it tries to break through the structure of style"s development in the West, thus the essay reclassifies the formative technique and style in Taiwan, and explores the meaning in office buildings" style.

本论文主要的目的就在於了解商业办公大楼在台湾的发展状况与其建筑样式的转变趋势，并寻找影响商业办公大楼样式改变的原因，以1945年至1997年间台湾商业办公大楼为范围，尝试探讨其样式的发展背景、状况、趋向以及转变的原因，除了以建筑技术发展、社经环境发展来作为时间轴上分段之依据外，并试图跳开以西方建筑样式发展为主之分期框架，重新整理台湾商业办公大楼之造形手法与建筑样式发展，并探讨样式产生背后的意义。

With the financial supervision departments to strengthen supervision of commercial banks and commercial banks to the deepening of its reform, China's commercial banks to gradually improve the internal control, or commercial banks, however some problems, such as the internal control system it is difficult to adapt to business development; Weak internal audit; Perfect risk control system; Loans "Richard III" in the implementation of the system to be further strengthened and so on.

随着金融监管部门对商业银行监管的强化以及商业银行自身改革的深入，我国商业银行内部控制逐渐完善，然而我国商业银行还是存在的一些问题，如内部控制制度难以适应业务的发展；内部审计乏力；风险控制系统不完善；贷款&三查&制度在执行上有待进一步加强等等。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。