商业上

The chapter describes the state owned commercial bank current situation, the key issues faced, pointing out the shortage of property right system, management system, organization system, badness assets and capital abundance ratio, etc., drawing the conclusion that the stock systematic reform is the outlet of state owned commercial bank reform.

在股份制具体形式的选择上，通过对两类股份制公司形式的比较，论证股份有限公司制是国有商业银行股份制改革的最佳模式，并认为在组织形式上应由总分行制改为集团公司制；在产权结构上，探讨了只有建立现代商业银行制度，才能真正实现国有商业银行的产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学；在公司治理模式上，强调建立真正的法人治理结构，较为详细地介绍了国有商业银行的股东大会、董事会、监事会等组织结构框架及作用；最后探讨了国有商业银行股份制改革需要注意的几个问题及风险防范。

Economic main body of Rome is agriculture from beginning to end, commerce is in appurtenant position all the time; Roman commerce is to be the same as a war closely related, warlike end means commercial decline; Rome is distaining commerce on the idea all the time, implemented a series of policy that go against commerce in later period, this caused the collapse of businessman and commerce directly, make the society enters autarky state thereby.

罗马的经济主体始终是农业，商业一直处于从属地位；罗马的商业是同战争密切相关的，战争的结束意味着商业的衰落；罗马在观念上一直是鄙视商业的，并在后期实行了一系列不利于商业的政策，这直接导致了商人和商业的瓦解，从而使社会进入自给自足状态。

Generally, foreign commercial banks make full use of modern network and communication technology, via the scientific and technological methods, make the continuous innovation in the products, cannel, customer management and other fields on the base of market subdivision, and thus greatly improve the value of customer service.

其次对国外商业银行个人金融业务的现状和发展历程进行了研究，发现个人金融业务是了国外商业银行最重要的利润来源之一，发达国家和地区商业银行充分利用现代的网络和通讯技术，以科技为依托，在市场细分的基础上对产品、渠道、客户管理等营销领域不断创新，极大提高了为客户服务的价值，我国商业银行应以发达国家和地区的先进经验为镜，实现我国商业银行个人金融业务的跨越式发展。

In examining the value-creation ability, a compound methodology that combines history and reality, normative analysis and positive analysis, logical analysis and comparison analysis, static analysis and dynamic analysis is being adopted. By reviewing numerous related literatures and collecting full and accurate data, former researchers' excellent disquisitions are well absorbed and used for reference. The objective is to evaluate commercial banks' value-creation ability scientifically and accurately, excavate the value-driving factors at commercial banks, and provide commercial banks some reasonable suggestions to enhance the core competition ability.

在对商业银行创值能力进行研究的过程中，采用规范分析与实证分析相结合、逻辑分析与比较分析相结合、静态分析与动态分析相结合的研究方法，在查阅大量文献的基础上，搜集翔实的数据和资料，努力吸收、借鉴前人的优秀研究成果，力求科学、客观地衡量商业银行的创值能力，挖掘商业银行价值驱动因素的价值贡献潜力，为提升商业银行的核心竞争力，实现商业价值最大化的经营目标提出合理化建议。

So, this paper starts with the inevitability of commercial nonproprietary mutual funds ? and analyses the superiority of commercial nonproprietary mutual funds. After deeply researches the necessity and possibility with the economies of commercial nonproprietary mutual funds, the paper proposes the countermeasures of the problem.

因此，本文从我国商业银行发展自营投资基金的必然性入手，分析了商业银行发展自营投资基金业务的优势，在对银行自营投资基金理论分析与实证检验的基础上，系统、深入地探讨商业银行发展自营投资基金业务的存在的问题与相应的对策，并有的放矢地提出推动商业银行自营投资基金发展的政策建议。

On the basis of documentary summary of the research on banking scale economy in china and overseas, after an experienced judgment and comparison of the market structure and economic result in china's banking industry in accordance with a great deal of related specific data, an empirical and comparative analysis is made on the scale economy for state-owned commercial banks and share equity commercial banks in china by using transcendental cost function.

在介绍国内外有关银行业规模经济问题研究的文献综述基础上，通过依据大量相关具体数据对我国银行业的市场结构及效益问题进行经验性的判断比较，最后运用超越对数成本函数对我国国有商业银行与股份制商业银行的规模经济问题进行实证比较分析，并得出结论：从总体上看，我国商业银行规模系数变化不大，但近几年来在规模效率方面，国有商业银行相对于股份制商业银行来说进步更为显著。

According to the characteristic of the urban commercial resources and its impact for the development of commerce and cities, the GIS-based resource management system for the urban commerce is researched and designed. The system frame includes not only the design of system's constructer and functions, but also the research of relevant criteria for urban commercial resources, and the design of application and service for the system. It is innovation at both the use of GIS and commercial circulation modern that focus the combination of GIS's use and promote the commercial management.

针对城市商业资源的特点和对城市发展的影响，给出了一个基于GIS的城市商业资源管理系统的设计框架，能够为城市商业流通的发展提供一个很好的信息服务和决策支持平台，系统的研究设计不仅包括内部结构及功能，同时还包括相应的商业资源管理标准系列的研究，以及系统的应用设计和服务体系设计，集中在解决提高行业管理现代化水平与GIS技术应用的结合上，是GIS在领域应用和迅速提高城市商业流通现代化水平的一个创新性探索。

The conclusion established some ways to improve the credit risk management such as optimize the national-owned enterprises and commercial banks operation structure; establish new relationship between banks and corporations; optimize bank's internal control system; balancing corporate financing ways, eliminate corporate over-dependency on bank's credit assets, and remove information asymmetric contributed by credit sales.

本文在分析和评述国内外银行信贷资产安全性相关理论的基础上，对银行信贷资产安全性与流动性、盈利性之间的关系、信贷资产安全性的概念、分类进行了界定和分析，在对影响商业银行信贷资产安全性共性因素和我国信贷资产安全性现状进行深入剖析的基础上，紧密结合中国银行业的实际，结合信息经济学、行为金融学的有关理论从产权制度、公司治理结构、融资行为、投资行为、内部控制等方面深入分析了借款企业行为、商业银行行为、政府行为及社会信用环境对信贷资产安全性的影响机理，特别是重点分析了信息不对称条件下商业银行信贷资产安全性生成机理，较系统、全面地论述了影响我国商业银行信贷资产安全性的特殊因素，并运用logistic等统计方法进行信贷资产安全性判别进行了实证研究，构建了我国商业银行信贷资产安全性判别模型，最后在此基础上提出了不断健全完善公司治理结构，树立市场化的新型银企关系；完善商业银行内部控制制度，强化内控执行机制；优化企业融资模式，降低企业对商业银行信贷资金的过度依赖；有效缓解商业银行信贷经营活动中面临的信息不对称程度等加强商业银行信贷资产安全性管理和控制的措施与建议。

Commercial bribery is concept of economic law at fist,then it become a concept of criminal law.It is necessary to distinguish the commercial bribery between economic law and criminal law.

商业贿赂首先是一个经济法上的概念，然后才是一个刑法上的概念，必须区分经济法上的商业贿赂和刑法上的商业贿赂。

Indeed, as Landes frequently points out, not all government efforts at altering comparative advantage prove commercially favorable.

诚如蓝迪斯反复指出，政府图谋改变比较优势的努力在商业上并非总是占优的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。