商业

The chapter describes the state owned commercial bank current situation, the key issues faced, pointing out the shortage of property right system, management system, organization system, badness assets and capital abundance ratio, etc., drawing the conclusion that the stock systematic reform is the outlet of state owned commercial bank reform.

在股份制具体形式的选择上，通过对两类股份制公司形式的比较，论证股份有限公司制是国有商业银行股份制改革的最佳模式，并认为在组织形式上应由总分行制改为集团公司制；在产权结构上，探讨了只有建立现代商业银行制度，才能真正实现国有商业银行的产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学；在公司治理模式上，强调建立真正的法人治理结构，较为详细地介绍了国有商业银行的股东大会、董事会、监事会等组织结构框架及作用；最后探讨了国有商业银行股份制改革需要注意的几个问题及风险防范。

Economic main body of Rome is agriculture from beginning to end, commerce is in appurtenant position all the time; Roman commerce is to be the same as a war closely related, warlike end means commercial decline; Rome is distaining commerce on the idea all the time, implemented a series of policy that go against commerce in later period, this caused the collapse of businessman and commerce directly, make the society enters autarky state thereby.

罗马的经济主体始终是农业，商业一直处于从属地位；罗马的商业是同战争密切相关的，战争的结束意味着商业的衰落；罗马在观念上一直是鄙视商业的，并在后期实行了一系列不利于商业的政策，这直接导致了商人和商业的瓦解，从而使社会进入自给自足状态。

Generally, foreign commercial banks make full use of modern network and communication technology, via the scientific and technological methods, make the continuous innovation in the products, cannel, customer management and other fields on the base of market subdivision, and thus greatly improve the value of customer service.

其次对国外商业银行个人金融业务的现状和发展历程进行了研究，发现个人金融业务是了国外商业银行最重要的利润来源之一，发达国家和地区商业银行充分利用现代的网络和通讯技术，以科技为依托，在市场细分的基础上对产品、渠道、客户管理等营销领域不断创新，极大提高了为客户服务的价值，我国商业银行应以发达国家和地区的先进经验为镜，实现我国商业银行个人金融业务的跨越式发展。

The study object of this dissertation is the state-exclusive-owned commercial bank property right system, the dissertation firstly expounds the connation and function of the property right and its system of commercial bank, comparatively analyzes natural person property right system and corporate property right system, exposes the administrative structure and action of pattern and efficiency of action of commercial bank are controlled by property right system of commercial bank.

论文以中国国有独资商业银行产权制度为研究对象，首先阐述了商业银行产权和产权制度的内涵、功能，比较分析了商业银行的两种产权制度（自然人产权制度和法人产权制度），提出商业银行的产权制度根本性地决定了商业银行的治理结构、行为方式和行为效率。

In the second part, the writer will overview the historical process of criminal legislation on commercial bribery crimes in China since 1949 ,recommending specific accusations of commercial bribery crimes in current Chinese criminal law and international legislative models of commercial bribery crimes and relevant regulations of international legal documents. Moreover, she will point out current defects and inadequateness of criminal legislation of commercial bribery as far as crime institution, crime subjects, objects of criminal behavior are concerned.

第二部分：介绍了建国以来我国有关商业贿赂犯罪刑事立法发展的历史过程，目前我国刑法中关于商业贿赂犯罪的具体罪名及世界各国对商业贿赂犯罪的主要立法模式和国际法律文件的相关规定；通过与《联合国反腐败公约》中有关商业贿赂犯罪的规定相比较，指出我国现有的商业贿赂犯罪立法在罪名设置、犯罪主体、犯罪行为对象等方面存在的不足。

In examining the value-creation ability, a compound methodology that combines history and reality, normative analysis and positive analysis, logical analysis and comparison analysis, static analysis and dynamic analysis is being adopted. By reviewing numerous related literatures and collecting full and accurate data, former researchers' excellent disquisitions are well absorbed and used for reference. The objective is to evaluate commercial banks' value-creation ability scientifically and accurately, excavate the value-driving factors at commercial banks, and provide commercial banks some reasonable suggestions to enhance the core competition ability.

在对商业银行创值能力进行研究的过程中，采用规范分析与实证分析相结合、逻辑分析与比较分析相结合、静态分析与动态分析相结合的研究方法，在查阅大量文献的基础上，搜集翔实的数据和资料，努力吸收、借鉴前人的优秀研究成果，力求科学、客观地衡量商业银行的创值能力，挖掘商业银行价值驱动因素的价值贡献潜力，为提升商业银行的核心竞争力，实现商业价值最大化的经营目标提出合理化建议。

This paper first in introduction in have analysed commercial bank financial risk the necessariness of avoiding , then the meaning for commercial bank financial risk have made simple expound , and have discussed commercial bank financial risk the importance that avoided , then, have enumerated the 4 expression types of commercial bank financial risk, the 3th in paper is partial to have analysed the external reason and internal reason that produces financial risk , avoids idea and establishment finally since cultivating commercial bank financial risk to improve suitable accounting management system , found financial risk the supervisor guarantee that avoided systematic, perfect risk disclosure and report system and raising the 5 aspects such as the quality of bank people have discussed commercial bank financial risk emphatically avoid strategy.

本文首先在绪论中分析了商业银行财务风险规避的必要性，接着对商业银行财务风险的含义作了简单的阐明，并论述了商业银行财务风险规避的重要性，然后列举了商业银行财务风险的四个表现类型，在论文的第三部份分析了产生财务风险的外部原因与内部原因，最后从培育商业银行财务风险规避观念、建立健全适宜的会计管理体制、构建财务风险规避的监督保障系统、完善风险披露和报告制度及提高银行人员的素质等五个方面着重论述了商业银行财务风险的规避策略。

In recent 20 or 30 years,with the development of economy and society, commercial architecture's connotation is gradually expanding.Commercial building is transforming from functional form to business form and commercial facilities also have the tendance of integration of function, large-scales, compounding of space and traffic organization,what's more, the commercial space plays a important role among the cities.

近20、30年来，随着经济与社会发展，商业建筑的内涵日渐扩大，商业建筑物由功用型向商业型转化，商业设施也朝着功能综合化、规模大型化和空间与流线组织的复合化方向发展，商业空间在城市中的作用日益为人们所重视。

This article tinselly explains the connotation of commercial bank" s system, describes Marxian and the new system economics, puts forwards the definition essential function and target of the commercial bank" s system on the theory Of the system and its vicissitude; Secondly, summarizes of historic analysis puts forwards the features of both system and theory for the three period in the historic vicissitude, and the instructive node of vicesitudesystem of the theory of it synthetic bank system" s vicissitude with the force of market and nation;Thirdly, illustrates the identity and difference of the commercial bank" s system through the horizontal analysis for its system; Finally , according to china" s reality , analyses the processes of the Chinese commercial bank" s system , the synthetic tendency of the vicissitude of realistic bank" s system and the reason for synthesis , puts forwards it synthetic mode of the Chinese commercial bank"s system and the specific request and content of the creation of commercial bank" s system , providing the reference for the reform of the Chinese commercial bank" s system.

本文首先阐述了商业银行制度的内涵，描述了马克思主义理论及新制度经济学关于制度及制度变迁的理论论述。提出了商业银行制度的定义、构成、基本功能与目标。其次，用历史的分析方法对商业银行制度进行了总结，论述了商业银行制度历史变迁中三个阶段的制度特征及理论特征，提出了由市场力量和国家力量共同主导下的综合银行制度变迁的理论特征及引导性制度变迁模式。再次对商业银行制度做了横向的比较分析，论述了商业银行制度的趋同性和差异性。最后根据中国的实际情况，分析了中国商业银行制度的历史变迁过程和现实银行制度变迁的综合化趋向及动因，提出了中国商业银行制度综合化的模式及商业银行制度的具体要求和内容，为中国的商业银行制度改革提供参考。

The conclusion established some ways to improve the credit risk management such as optimize the national-owned enterprises and commercial banks operation structure; establish new relationship between banks and corporations; optimize bank's internal control system; balancing corporate financing ways, eliminate corporate over-dependency on bank's credit assets, and remove information asymmetric contributed by credit sales.

本文在分析和评述国内外银行信贷资产安全性相关理论的基础上，对银行信贷资产安全性与流动性、盈利性之间的关系、信贷资产安全性的概念、分类进行了界定和分析，在对影响商业银行信贷资产安全性共性因素和我国信贷资产安全性现状进行深入剖析的基础上，紧密结合中国银行业的实际，结合信息经济学、行为金融学的有关理论从产权制度、公司治理结构、融资行为、投资行为、内部控制等方面深入分析了借款企业行为、商业银行行为、政府行为及社会信用环境对信贷资产安全性的影响机理，特别是重点分析了信息不对称条件下商业银行信贷资产安全性生成机理，较系统、全面地论述了影响我国商业银行信贷资产安全性的特殊因素，并运用logistic等统计方法进行信贷资产安全性判别进行了实证研究，构建了我国商业银行信贷资产安全性判别模型，最后在此基础上提出了不断健全完善公司治理结构，树立市场化的新型银企关系；完善商业银行内部控制制度，强化内控执行机制；优化企业融资模式，降低企业对商业银行信贷资金的过度依赖；有效缓解商业银行信贷经营活动中面临的信息不对称程度等加强商业银行信贷资产安全性管理和控制的措施与建议。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了