哺乳动物

In 1843, Friedrich Engels saw an egg of a duckbill in England. People told him that it was a mammal animal from Australia. He broke into laughter after hearing it and said: All the mammal animals were vi-viparous. The duckbill was oviparous, so it could not be a mammal an-imal''.

1843年恩格斯在英国看到一只鸭嘴兽的蛋，人们告诉他，这是澳大利亚的一种哺乳动物，恩格斯听后哈哈大笑说："哺乳动物都是胎生的，鸭嘴兽是卵生的，因此肯定不是哺乳动物。"

In 1843, Friedrich Engels saw an egg of a duckbill in England. People told him that it was a mammal animal from Australia. He broke into laughter after hearing it and said:"All the mammal animals were viviparous. The duckbill was oviparous, so it could not be a mammal animal".

1843年恩格斯在英国看到一只鸭嘴兽的蛋，人们告诉他，这是澳大利亚的一种哺乳动物，恩格斯听后哈哈大笑说："哺乳动物都是胎生的，鸭嘴兽是卵生的，因此肯定不是哺乳动物。"

Take an encyclopaedic dictionary, for example.

举个例子，翻开一部百科大辞典，它或会将狗定义为哺乳动物，那么，就翻到哺乳动物的条目，如果哺乳动物被定义为动物，就得到动物条目中去找，以此类推。

The Chinese Muntjac's mitochondrial genome, consisting of 16354 base pairs which encode genes for 13 proteins, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs, is similar to those mammals in both order and orientation.The sequence of rRNA gene ,some of the protein-coding regions and tRNAs are highly homologous in mammals. Differences existing in the length and sequence of the D-loop regions account for the variations in mammals mitochondrial genomes.

与其他哺乳动物线粒体基因组全序列的比较研究发现：全长为16 354bp的小麂线粒体基因组同样编码13种蛋白质、2种rRNA和22种tRNA，除了用于调控线粒体DNA复制和转录的D-Loop区以外，小麂线粒体基因组各基因长度、位置与其他哺乳动物相似，其编码蛋白质区域和rRNA基因与其他哺乳动物具有很高的同源性。

The book introduces the animal models representing natural infections ranging from uni- to multicellular and from endo- to ectoparasites in fish, chickens and mammals, including structural and physiological aspects of cell death; Role of apoptosis in non-mammalian host-parasite relationships; thionine-positive cells in relation to parasites; animal models for the study of innate immunity; interaction between sea lice and their hosts; pathophysiology of salmonids cryptobiosis and glossina-transmitted mammalian trypanosomiasis in livestock; avian coccidiosis; interactions betweem fish hosts and monogeneans.

该书介绍了鱼类，小鸡和哺乳动物从单细胞到多细胞和从内寄生虫到外寄生虫的天然传染的动物模型，包括细胞死亡的结构和生理学方向；非哺乳动物宿主和寄生虫关系中细胞凋亡的作用；硫堇阳性细胞与寄生虫的关系；用于先天免疫研究的动物模型；海虱与其宿主的相互作用；鲑鱼隐生想象的生理病理学和家畜中舌蝇传播的哺乳动物锥虫病；鸟类球虫病；鱼类宿主与单殖亚纲动物的相互作用。

Third, it has a discussion on the development of modern and traditional artificial neural network technology and their application in image processing. It summaries that the model of the Pulse-coupled neural network based on Elkhorn's model of the cat visual cortex was constructed according to the mammalian vision systems. The nonlinear modulation property, which is a generic and pervasive biological pulse-coupling mechanism, is used in the construction of PCNN. So, PCNN finds many applications in image processing, including segmentation, edge extraction et al. As all known, the performance of the image segmentation depends not only directly on the adjustment of PCNN parameters and the statistical properties of image but also on the cyclic iteration times N of PCNN. If the parameters have been properly set, it turns out to be essential to select a suitable criterion to determine N.

回顾了神经网络技术的现状，指出传统人工神经网络只利用了生物神经元有限的属性进行模型构建，而90年代产生的脉冲耦合神经网络充分利用了哺乳动物视神经网络特有属性，其神经元模型除了考虑生物神经元特有的线性相加、兴奋与抑制属性外，还考虑到生物神经元特有的非线性相乘调制耦合特性；考虑了哺乳动物视神经系统视野受到适当刺激时，相邻连接神经元同步激发产生35Hz～70Hz振荡脉冲串特性等，所以PCNN网络模型更靠近真实生物视觉特性，特别是哺乳动物视神经网络，特别适合计算机图像处理应用，尤其在生物细胞图像分割、图像平滑、降噪及图像中目标的分类、计数等方面的研究。

December 2001, held in Gansu Linxia "The Chinese political Late Cenozoic fossil mammals Preservation Development Seminar", the six academicians agreed that the Late Cenozoic basin Linxia fossil mammal such a rich and diverse group in the Eurasian continent is unique in the world is rare, especially Hipparion mammal fauna of fossil origin times.

2001年12月，在甘肃临夏召开的&中国·和政晚新生代哺乳动物化石群保护开发研讨会&上，六位两院院士一致认为，临夏盆地晚新生代哺乳动物化石群如此丰富而多样，在欧亚大陆是独一无二的，在世界上也是罕见的，特别是三趾马动物群时代的哺乳动物化石产地。

Two specific hypotheses that availability of high quality food, predation and interspecific competition have independent and addictive effects on population system dynamics for microtine small mammals; and that availability of high quality food could reduce home range and aggressive behavior level between individuals of microtine small mammals, predation and interspecific competition have independent effects on spatial behavior of microtine small mammals were generally supported by the results in this study.

研究结果检验了本项研究提出的特定假设：高质量食物可利用性，捕食及种间竞争对田鼠类小型哺乳动物种群系统动态具有独立的和累加的效应；高质量食物可利用性能降低田鼠类小型哺乳动物的攻击行为和巢区，捕食与种间竞争能减少田鼠类小型哺乳动物的活动。

Cub-carrying also occurs among some other myrmecophagous mammals; therefore one explanation is that cub-carrying is necessitated by myrmecophagy since myrmecophagy entails a low metabolic rate and high energy expenditure in walking between food patches.

幼崽携带行为在其他食昆虫的哺乳动物中也存在；因此，一个解释是幼崽携带行为是食昆虫类哺乳动物所必须的，因为食昆虫类哺乳动物通常新陈代谢率很低而在不同的食物地之间穿行的消耗很高。

However, most experimental evidence is indirect and unassembled. In this paper the studies on LDH-C and energy metabolism of mammal spermatozoa were reviewed, We suggested that LDH-C played the multi-roles in energy metabolism of mammal spermatozoa, not only in directly the energy metabolism pathway but also in the signal pathway of spermatozoa.

综述了对哺乳动物精子能量代谢和LDH-C两个方面的研究，提出LDH-C在精子的能量代谢中扮演着多重角色，不仅直接参与精子的能量代谢，还可能参与哺乳动物精子获能的信号途径，LDH-C和哺乳动物精子的能量代谢密切相关。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。