哲学的

Fichte's theory of self-identity represents a significant leap in philosophy. If it can be said that ancient Greek philosophy realizes the existence of the self in wisdom, and enlightenment philosophy establishes the existence of the self in knowledge, then Fichte offers an insight into the innate nexus between action and self-existence, providing genuine practical elements for a theory of existence in modern philosophy.

费希特的同一自我理论表明一个重要的飞跃，如果说古希腊的哲学是在智慧中实现自我的存在，包括康德在内的启蒙哲学在知识中确立自我的存在，那么费希特已洞察到行动与自我存在的内在关系，为现代哲学的存在观设计了实践的真实元素。

In the transition from modern to postmodern philosophies, there exists a change from mechanical body to etherealized body and finally to materialized body as far as body concerned; a change from transparent mechanical language to semitransparent life language and finally to nontransparent self-efficient language as far as language concerned; a transition from negative otherness to relative otherness and finally to absolute otherness as far as others concerned.

从近代哲学到现代哲学再到后现代哲学的过渡，就身体问题而言，存在着由机械的身体到身心统一的灵化身体再到物质性欲望身体的演化；就语言而言，存在着由透明的理想语言向半透明的生活语言再向完全不透明的自足语言的变迁；而就他者而言，存在的是从否定他性到相对他性再到绝对他性的过渡。

Futures Studies conceptualized in 1940, from 1960 to 1970 went through the peak of development in Philosophy of Science. The main proponents of Philosophy of Science, such as Positivism, Postpositivism and Critical Realism deeply influenced the futurists' ideas of the time concept in Future Studies. The understanding of time in Philosophy of Science continues the linear time frame of modern physics. Future is happening after the present event. In the field of Futures Studies, people expect futurists to predict futures accurately. When futurists are predicting futures, and mapping possible futures, they employ Holism and Utopian thinking. Karl Propper opposed Historicism of trying to plan a blueprint for society.

中文摘要未来学萌芽於一九四○年代，从一九六○年到一九七○年未来学历经了科学哲学发展的巅峰时期，科学哲学的思想滋养了未来学家的思考，其中实证论、后实证论与批判实在论这三种论点影响了未来学家在时间概念上思考方向，科学哲学对时间概念的理解延续了现代物理时间观上线性式看待时间的方式，未来是当前事件必然发生的结果；在未来学的领域里，成功预测未来是大众对未来学者的期待，当未来学者在预测未来，进行未来规划时，思想中预含了整体主义与乌托邦式的思考，Propper从反对历史定论主义的思想来驳斥建立社会蓝图的可能。

This essay has three difficulties: First, difficulty of conception foundation: how to grasp conception foundation, historical background and theory origin of positive economic paradigm and normative economic paradigm from a historical and philosophical perspective? Second, difficulty of formalization system: the viewpoints of positive economists and normative economists are very jumble, this paper tries to clear up the formers' theories, sums up and synthesizes various standpoints, and make it form systematism and standardization. Third, difficulty of combination in visual angle: combining economics and philosophy, resurvey some philosophy problems in economic research from the perspective of ontology, epistemology and methodology, thereby discover new problems, and make rigor argumentation toward it.

本文的难点：1、概念基础难点：如何从一种历史的、哲学的角度准确把握实证经济范式与规范经济范式的概念基础和变更的历史背景、理论渊源。2、形式化体系难点：实证经济学家与规范经济学家的观点非常混杂，本文试图理清前人的思路，总结和综合纷繁不一的观点，并使其体系化、规范化。3、视角结合点难点：将经济学与哲学有机地结合起来，从本体论、认识论、方法论的角度重新看待经济学研究中的一些哲学问题，从而发现新问题，并对其进行严密论证。

The new data and the new thought of contemporary system science recomprehend the Marxist philosophy,make it carry forward and realized to surpass tradition.It guides the ontology the system dialectics,the information epistemology,and the sytem theory of value,the system conception of history,and the system conception of life and so on with a series of brand-new philosophy investig...

以当代科学技术革命的带头科学——系统科学的新资料、新思想，重新理解马克思主义哲学的思想本质，使其在新的条件下发扬光大，并实现对传统的超越，就引导出系统本体论、系统辩证法、信息认识论、系统价值论、系统历史观、系统生命观等一系列崭新的哲学进行探索；并逐步形成马克思主义系统哲学的理论建构。

Karl Jaspers is noted for his existential philosophy with transcendence in the history of culture. When he had his eye on history in link with free choice and communication of Existenz, Karl Jaspers con- sequently had come out with a unique philosophy of history.

以祈向超越之维的生存哲学进入文化史的德国哲学家雅斯贝尔斯，当其把哲学的慧眼投向与人的自由选择和生存交往关联着的历史时，也便自然地由此提出了一种独具人文智慧的历史哲学。

The conversion of modern legal philosophy is theorically based on the modern reasonable legal philosophy whose metaphysics characteristic deviating from history and experience was oppugned broadly and finally gave rise to the first conversion of modern legal philosophy.

近现代法哲学的转型是以近代唯理的法哲学为理论背景的，其脱离历史和经验的形而上学特征受到了广泛的质疑，由此引发了近现代法哲学的第一次转型。

He wants to start from modern problems, seek the roots of 'Natural Right' through reading classical texts, avoiding politizing of philosophy and philosophizing of politics, escaping abusement of philosophy.

但他的回归并不是简单的回归，而是从他的现代性问题出发，通过对古典文本的悉心解读，寻找&自然正当&的根源，以防止哲学的政治化和政治的哲学化，避免哲学&走火入魔&。

This part is key. It expounds how James sublates the traditional philosophy and develops his new philosophy by experienced flux and the pragmatic method. These paper here claims that Radical Empiricism is not only a core of James'theory, but also it can avoid the difficulty produced by discontinuous theory and make the opportunity of the absolute theory no longer exist.

本部分是全文的重点，主要阐释的是詹姆士如何运用经验流理论和实用主义方法扬弃传统哲学并创建新哲学的；从而证明了彻底经验主义是詹姆士哲学思想的核心，只有彻底经验主义才能避免不连续理论所带来的尴尬，及某些思想家另外创建虚幻的&绝对&等实体的契机。1。

Socratic thought along the lines of challenging conventions, especially in stressing a simplistic way of living, became divorced from Plato's more detached and philosophical pursuits but was inherited heavily by one of Socrates' older and diehard students, Antisthenes who became another originator of a philosophy in the years after Socrates' death - Cynicism.

苏格拉底沿着向传统挑战的路线思考问题--特别在强调简单化的生活方式方面—与柏拉图更加超然和哲学的追求有些脱离，但是苏格拉底的一个更老的顽固学生--安提斯泰尼深深地继承了他的思想，安提斯泰尼在苏格拉斯死了多年之后成为另一种哲学—犬儒哲学--的开创者。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。