哲学上的

Nietzsche"s political philosophy is not piled up a dish of messy sand by maxim form, the writer thinks that Nietzsche"s political construction has his continuous logicality. It"s an expression of political philosophy that is constructed on the base of force will and life will, it makes life reach at a transitional bridge that can supply condition for the salvation of art. Thus, there are three understandings here. Firstly, politics is an objective expression of power will, also is an external expression of power will. The real politics depends on power will and services to their requirement and regulation; Secondly, the life faces on the double crises, on the one hand, the life falls into denial of Christian morality. Morality of Christianity presumes another world that life never touch for. This is world of soul belief and pursue, meanwhile, life is depreciated and degenerated as "evil", so the value of life suffers from misunderstanding and denial. Things of presence are subverted as things of exeunt."Uprising of slave in morality" results in the denial of ",master morality, at the same time, although modern democratic politics that based on morality of Christianity makes person return secular life and makes life identity and trite. This kind of politics creates privation of special vulture and race. On the other hand, internal requirement of power will results in the crisis of life because the characteristics of power will is continuous making and destroy.

尼采的政治哲学并非是以格言形式堆积而成的一盘散沙，笔者认为，尼采的政治建构有其一贯的逻辑性，体现为其政治哲学是建构在强力意志或生命意志基础上的并使生命达至艺术拯救提供条件的一座过度性桥梁，对此有三层理解：首先政治是权力意志的一种客观体现，是全力意志的一种外化，真正的政治必须立足于权力意志之上并服务于其要求和规定；其次，生命面临着双重危机，一方面，生命陷入基督教道德的否定之中，基督教道德设定了一个生命遥不可及的彼岸世界，这是灵魂信仰和追求的世界，同时生命被贬堕为"恶"，这样，生命的价值遭到误解和否定，在场的事物被颠覆为退场的事物，"主人道德"被否定，这是"道德上的奴隶起义"的结果，同时基于基督教道德之上的现代民主政治虽然使人回到了尘世，但是又将生命齐一化和平庸化，造成特殊文化和特殊种族的缺位，而正是这种文化和这种种族才能真正地肯定生命；另一方面，生命的危机是权力意志内在的要求所致，因为权力意志的一个特质就是连续地生成和毁灭，就生命本身就是权力意志而言，毁灭就是其必然的命运。

K. Popper turn to ontology of three worlds, evolutionary philosophy and philosophy of biology after the middle of 60 decade last century, since he Finished his argument of his falsificationism in the fields of logic, methodology and probabilism. Popper has developed his Evolutionary Epistemology, which occupied an important place in his works during this period.

本文指出，波普尔在上世纪完成他的证伪主义的逻辑学和方法论论证及其在政治哲学中的应用的研究之后，从60年代中期开始，重点转向三个世界的本体论、进化哲学和生物学哲学的研究，其中对进化认识论研究占着一个突出的地位。

Explores what is challenged now concerning the empirical turn of the philosophy of technology in view of the cause and effect of the development of cultural criticism on technology The classical cultural criticism on technology is discussed through an analysis made for the contradiction between Heidegger's phenomenological standpoint based on existentialism and his hermeneutic methodology taken for studying the philosophy of technology Then, the inexhaustiveness of empiristic methodology that is currently prevailing in cultural study on technology is discussed further to expound the necessity for "embodying" as an empiristic methodology to study the technological culture The way to spread over the embodying in technological study is therefore taken into account to deepen the empirical turn of philosophy of technology

从技术文化批判理论发展脉络的视角探讨技术哲学经验转向所面临的问题，即通过对海德格尔存在论现象学立场与他在技术哲学研究方面采用的解释学方法论的矛盾的解析，讨论了技术文化批判经典理论存在的问题；以此为出发点，讨论了当下技术的文化研究在经验方法上的不彻底性，从而阐明了技术文化研究走向&切身化&经验方法的必要性；讨论了对技术展开&切身化&研究的基本思路，以此作为深化技术哲学经验转向的途径。

In the end, the paper stresses its theme again: undergoing a radical transformation from blindly adoring "practice" to reflecting the contradiction that inheres in the "modern practice", we realize that only when we introduce a self-criticism of practice and a self-analysis of its inherent structure of tension can we be led to some kind of "post" practical philosophy in the sense of "completion".

最后，本文提出，从崇拜&实践&到反思内生着自悖谬的现代&实践&，并由此展开&实践&思维的自批判，展开&实践&内在（如劳动价值论与物化批判论之间）的张力结构的自我剖析，走向&完成&意义上的&后&实践哲学，是进一步从&实践哲学&中挖掘有利于日后中国哲学发展的理论资源的必由之路。

Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, and the Roman statesman Cicero wrote on political philosophy.

罗马是政治哲学的影响， Stoics ，和罗马政治家西塞罗政治哲学上写道。

"Ontology" in the Chinese etymology means "the highest","the most fundamental","the most popular" and "the most important". Although it is a loan word, it has great difference from the oringinal meaning of ontology when translated into Chiness and has abvously "transferred meaning". If the "original meaning" of ontology is a "transcendental" purely logic stipulation" and a unique morphology of "the Western Philosophy", a field of idea world, absolute spirit, pure reason which is isolated from the experience world or prio to the experience world", and "a pure principle unable to be proven from the real world", then in Chiness,"ontology" has richer transferred meanings unparalleled with ontology in the West.

&本体&在中文词源里，有&最高&、&最根本&、&最普遍&、&最重要&等含义；本体论虽然是外来词，但翻译为中文后，与原来的ontology已经有了很大的区别，产生了明显的&转义&：如果说ontology的&本义&是一种&是论&或&存在论&，是一种超验的&纯粹的逻辑规定性&，是&西方哲学特有的一种形态&，是&与经验世界隔绝或者先于经验世界的理念世界、绝对精神、纯粹理性的领域&，是&不能从现实世界得到验证的纯粹的原理&，是比一切其他哲学思维都更纯正的&第一哲学&的话，那么在中国的&水土&上，&本体论&已经具有了比西方的ontology丰富得无可比拟的&转义&。

Since Gustav Theodor Fechner,aesthetic as a branch of philosophy for a long time was transfered from philosophy to science gradually.

美学长期隶属于哲学，在费希纳之后，美学逐渐由哲学走向科学，但这一转向并没有给美学带来整体上的突破。

Since Gustav Theodor Fechner,aesthetic as a branch ofphilosophy for a long time was transfered from philosophy toscience gradually.But thetransference had not changed the aesthetic on whole.

美学长期隶属于哲学，在费希纳之后，美学逐渐由哲学走向科学，但这一转向并没有给美学带来整体上的突破。

DM Armstrong, Universals and Scientific Realism: Nominalism and Realism, II; F Copleston, History of Philosophy, II; R Seeberg, Textbook of the History of Doctrines; M deWulf, History of Medieval Philosophy, I; WGT Shedd, Dogmatic Theology; E Gilson, History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages.

马克阿姆斯特朗，共性和科学的现实主义：唯和现实主义，二女copleston ，哲学史上的第一，第二； r seeberg ，教科书的历史理论；米dewulf ，历史，中世纪哲学，我； wgt谢德，教条式的神学电子商务吉尔松，历史上基督教哲学在中世纪。

Therefore, reviewing theory base on nationality ideas of Kodaly Zoltan, Karl orff and Emile Jaques-Dalcroze these three music education systems as a cut-in point, firstly use psychology, sociology and philosophy as basic theory to process macrocosmic comparative argumentation to three system music education ideas, then process microcosmic theoretic logic discursion to a few basic fields which influence sight singing and ear training course teaching aim, teaching content, teaching implementation and teaching valuation to confirm most correlative and effective information sources of teaching practice based on nation musicality of sight singing and ear training; once more describe actuality of teaching practice based on nation musicality of sight singing and ear training in our country and demonstrate these basic subjects (psychology, sociology and philosophy) with sight singing and ear training teaching relations and actual meanings of music teaching to further propose development direction and actual problems faced with teaching practice based on nation musicality of sight singing and era training in our country.

由于音乐学科教育学研究与哲学、美学、社会学、心理学、教育学、物理学、历史学、民族学等多种学科有着密切的联系和交叉，因此，从考察柯达伊、奥尔夫、达尔克罗兹(Emile Jaques-Dalcroze)三个音乐教育体系民族性理念的理论基础作为切入点，首先从宏观上对三个体系的音乐教育理念进行以心理学、社会学和哲学为基础理论的比较论证；继而从微观上对影响以视唱练耳课民族性教学的目标、教学内容、教学实施、教学评价的一些基本领域进行理论上的逻辑推理，确定与视唱练耳民族音感教学实践最相关的和最有效的信息来源；再对我国视唱练耳民族音感教学实践现状进行描述，论证这些基础学科与视唱练耳教学的种种关系及对音乐教学的实际含义，进一步提出我国视唱练耳民族音感教学实践所面临的具体问题和发展方向。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。