哲学上的

While Maimonides and his followers regarded philosophical speculation as the highest duty of man, and even made the immortality of the soul dependent on it; or, speaking more correctly, while immortality meant for them only the highest development of "active intellect" in man, to which only a few attained, the Cabalists taught not only that every man may expect a great deal in the future world, according to his good and pious actions, but even that he is the most important factor in nature in this world.

虽然迈蒙尼德和他的追随者视为投机哲学的最高责任人，甚至作出不朽的灵魂依赖於它，或者更准确地讲，而永生意味著不仅为他们的最高发展"积极的智慧"在人，其中只有少数几个实现， Cabalists教的不仅是每个人可以指望得到了大量的未来世界，根据他的良好的和虔诚的行动，但即使他是最重要的因素的性质在这个世界上。

A comparative analysis of the beliefs in the dichotomy between good and evil and in a harmonious universe in light of the mythological transcendence theory of Joseph Campbell, the famous American mythologist and cultural anthropologist, somehow leads to the conclusion that to rise above the provincial mythological dichotomy between good and evil in terms of geography and nationality is an effective solution to the clashes and that in the traditional Eastern philosophy with cosmological harmony at its core exists the newest historical metaphor for the contemporary age: to achieve the harmonious evolution of global politics on an earth that is getting smaller with each passing day.

根据美国著名神话学者和文化人类学家约瑟夫坎贝尔的神话超越理论，对比分析善恶二元论和宇宙和谐论的特点，从意识形态的角度探讨上述问题，可以得出结论：超越狭隘的地方的、民族的善恶二元论神话是解决冲突的有效途径；而传统的以宇宙和谐论为核心的东方式哲学中则蕴藏着当代最新的历史隐喻：在一个日益变小的地球上，实现全球政治的和谐发展。

In the endless process of philosophy history, western philosophers with spirit of exceeded everything who were not satisfied with the concrete, sensible and experienced world, were attempted to mouse out the basis of everything from individual, changeable, discrepant, external and concrete things in sensitive world. While such kind of basis is universal, changeless, identical, essential and nonfigurative which can be grasped by rational thoughts. And finally set up their philosophy system.

在这一漫长的历程中，富有超越精神的西方哲学家们不满足于具体可感的经验世界，而纷纷企图从感性世界中个别的、变化着的、有差异的、表面现象的、具体的东西探寻到一个可以由理性把握的普遍的、不变的、同一的、本质性的、抽象的万事万物的根底，并在此基础上建立起自己的理论哲学体系。

So when we felt another kind of tetra-dimensional, extreme, music-like art made up of colors and lines in Malevich and Tatlin's experiment in the early of last century, people had to get used to the visional format from Kandinsky, Pollock, Mondrian and Roscoe. The brand-new artistic experiment is further rooted into experience of our religion, music, philosophy, life and other staffs not only from format to content, but also from theory to techniques. And the traditional plane paintings are used to annotate the art meaning of non-representation. But Chinese are unwilling. It is only the format product of powerful culture in expanding, rather that there are lots of differences between the western abstract and oriental "image".

所以当我们从上个世纪初在马列维奇、塔特林的实验中，体验到一种被称为四度的、极致的、音乐似的、或者说将色彩和线编制成为另一种艺术自由的端倪时，人们就不得不习惯由康定斯基、波洛克、蒙德里安和罗斯科所带给我们的视觉图式，它们从形式到内容、从理论到技巧，无不变本加厉地把这种全新的艺术实验根植于我们对宗教、音乐、哲学、生活以及诸多问题的体验中，并用传统的二维平面绘画来诠释出非具象的艺术意义，不过这些对中国人来说，很可能是不情愿的，它只是强势文化在扩张中的样式产物，更何况这些西方式的抽象与东方式的"意象"仍然有着极大的差异。

P4 S1:The traces of modern natural-law normativism thus get lost in a trilemma: neither in the teleology of history nor in the constitution of the human species can we find the content of practical reason, once its philosophical foundation in the knowing subject has been shattered, nor can wejustify such content simply on the basis of the fortuitous resources of successful histories and traditions.

因此，现代自然法的规范主义道路处于一个三维的情景之中：在历史的目的论和人类的组成当中我们都不能找到实践理性的痕迹，因为实践理性的哲学基础在那些著名的题目当中已经烟消云散了，当然我们也不能仅仅简单的在那些成功的历史和传统的偶然的资源的基础上加以论证这个内容。

When American Pop art met the Chinese modernism in that very context, a certain mystery was produced: Pop art was readily understood as a Dadaist destructive art, while its cultural deconstructive property seemed to be ignored. By the early 1990s, due to the political reason, China had undergone its rapid social and cultural transition from Enlightenment era to consumerist era, while artists, who were still in despair because of the failure of cultural Enlightenment movement, found themselves confronted with a completely new economic market and their ideas mingled with those of modernist Enlightenment and post-modern deconstruction.

它以风格上挪用、平面化、去意义、去价值这类语言策略解构和消除现代主义的启蒙神话，成为与后现代主义哲学同构的文化思潮。80年代初沃霍尔访华，尤其是1985年劳申伯在北京和拉萨举办个展开始了美国波普主义在中国的传播，而这时正值中国85现代主义运动的高潮，启蒙和反叛是这一运动的主题，正是这种语境使这种传播产生了十分吊诡的意义落差：波普主义很轻易地被理解为一种达达式的破坏性艺术，而它的文化解构主义色彩反倒不易被体会。90年代初中国社会由于政治的原因急促地完成了由启蒙文化向消费文化的转型，艺术家们还沉迷在文化启蒙运动失败的悲壮气氛中却突然发现自己已深陷在一个一完全陌生的经济世界中，理想的失落和批判身份的丧失使他们的思想开始混杂于现代主义的启蒙建设和后现代主义的解构观念之间，于是，波普主义成为这个时代的一种自然的风格选择。

Progress is impeded by a number of philosophical mistakes, and the aim of this paper is to remove nine of those mistakes: consciousness cannot be defined; consciousness is subjective but science is objective; brain processes cannot explain consciousness; the problem of 'qualia' should be set aside; consciousness is epiphenomenal; consciousness has no evolutionary function; a causal account of consciousness is necessarily dualistic; science is reductionistic, so a scientific account of consciousness would show it reducible to something else; and an account of consciousness must be an information processing account.

这个过程被某些哲学错误所阻碍，此论文目的是移除这些错误中的九个：意识无法被定义；意识是主观的但科学是客观的；大脑程序不能说明意识；&感质&的问题不应予以理会；意识是副现象的；意识并无演化的功能；意识的因果说明必须是二元的；科学是还原论式的，所以意识的一个科学式说明将显示，它可以被还原到某种其他事物上；以及意识的一个说明必须是一种资讯处理的说明。

In terms of religiousphilosophy of life, the text have analyzed the impact on the clean of beautiful aestheticpsychology of unique outlook on life of Islamic culture, mainly behave in three aspects:First, it displays on the holy and pures beautiful yearning to Allah and Allah had, this isthe clean of beauty of the religious belief foundation. Second, it is the outlook on lifethat the Moslem of Hui is "happy in two generations".Life is regarded as equallyimportant in this life and later age, only the body and mind is clean in this life, theMoslem can enter the beautiful paradise until later age.

本文从宗教人生哲学的角度，分析了伊斯兰文化的独特人生观对洁净美的审美心理的影响，主要表现在三个方面：一是对真主安拉的圣洁美的向往上，这是洁净美形成的宗教信仰基础；二是回族穆斯林&两世幸福&的人生观，今世与后世生活并重，只有今世身心洁净，后世才能进入美好的乐园。

Another analogy within the philosophical literature might be Saul Kripke's idea of rigid designators: that in counterfactuals, singular terms are intended to have the same reference in all possible worlds.14 Again, while the analysis is arguably persuasive as regards proper names, it would be awkward, at best, if applied to a social practice or social institution like law.15

哲学文献中另一种分析模式或许是索尔·克里普克的&固定的指称词&的观念：在反事实的意义上，单一的术语在所有合理世界中有同样的指代。［14］此外，虽然作为恰当名称此一分析具有说服力，但是如果——充其量——适用于类似法律的社会实践或社会制度，它也是有难度的。

Another analogy within the philosophical literature might be Saul Kripke's idea of rigid designators: that in counte***ctuals, singular terms are intended to have the same reference in all possible worlds.14 Again, while the analysis is arguably persuasive as regards proper names, it would be awkward, at best, if applied to a social practice or social institution like law.15

哲学文献中另一种分析模式或许是索尔·克里普克的&固定的指称词&的观念：在反事实的意义上，单一的术语在所有合理世界中有同样的指代。［14］此外，虽然作为恰当名称此一分析具有说服力，但是如果——充其量——适用于类似法律的社会实践或社会制度，它也是有难度的。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。