哲学上的

Chapter 1 redefines the crucial concept sense according to Kant philosophy. It is the key to solve a variety of puzzles tangled in the western thinking, and also, it is the key to solve the famous aesthetic antimony: In what sense can judgments of artistic merit, which appear to be about our subjective feelings, be considered objective or factual? Chapter 2 mainly discusses the misunderstanding about Kant theory of the aesthetic judgment rule: disinterested.

首先，感官感觉的语义素的分析从身体感官入手，揭示趣味判断的逻辑悖反性在西方哲学美学传统中的地位，阐述几种有代表性的观点，并以康德对感官、感觉以及感性、情感等的理论规定为纲，逐步回应阐释过程中的诸多疑问，继而阐明康德对反应的趣味和反思的趣味的区分，以及他对上一悖反问题的具体回答。

Considering our present advanced state of culture, and how the Torch of Science has now been brandished and borne about, with more or less effect, for five thousand years and upwards; how, in these times especially, not only the Torch still burns, and perhaps more fiercely than ever, but innumerable Rushlights, and Sulphur-matches, kindled thereat, are also glancing in every direction, so that not the smallest cranny or dog-hole in Nature or Art can remain unilluminated,--it might strike the reflective mind with some surprise that hitherto little or nothing of a fundamental character, whether in the way of Philosophy or History, has been written on the subject of Clothes.

考虑到我们现在的文化先进的国家，如何科学的火炬已经挥舞并承担有关，有或多或少的影响，为五千年及以上；如何，特别是在这些时候，不仅是火炬仍在燃烧，并也许比以往更激烈，但无数Rushlights和硫火柴，点燃了会场，也是在各个方向瞥了一眼，使不上最小的狗或裂隙中自然或艺术孔可以保持unilluminated，-它可能罢工的反思一些惊喜，到目前为止很少或根本没有字符，不论是哲学还是历史的方式，心，一直写在服装的主题。

These two qualities, the daunting and the fascinating, combine in a strange harmony of contrasts, and the resultant dual character of the numinous consciousness, to which the entire religious development bears witness, at any rate from the level of the 'daemonic dread' onwards, is at once the strangest and most noteworthy phenomenon in the whole history of religion.

帕斯卡认为世界上有两种智慧：一是那种简单无知的大众，他们生活在传统与想象的智慧中，以似乎是盲目，毫无抵抗的方式彻底掘弃自己地相信一种信念，然后通过约定俗成的礼仪与传古的神话来巩固自己的信念；另一种是圣人与哲人，这是一种通过科学，理性与哲学的探讨来认识自己的无知。

Nevertheless,due to the respect of the traditions of the West for the lin guistic norms and logical determinativeness,the word"being"has been raised to the height of the th ing -in -itself of the world and real substance and thereupon,it has got the dual meanings of"be"as a link verb and"exist"as a transitive verb,thus embodying the unity of the logos spirit and the nous spirit in the w.

西方哲学自古希腊以来的一个核心概念Being的原始含义固然是一个逻辑系词&是&，但由西方传统对语言规范及其逻辑确定性的尊重使这个词上升到了世界本体和真正实体的崇高地位，从而使它带上了系词&是&和动词&存在&的双重含义，体现了西方文化中逻各斯精神和努斯精神的统一，这是中国古代以农业为本的文化传统所难以理解的文化现象和语言现象。

The writings of the middle period include Gorgias (a consideration of several ethical questions), Meno (a discussion of the nature of knowledge), the Apology (Socrates' defense of himself at his trial against the charges of atheism and corrupting Athenian youth), Crito (Socrates' defense of obedience to the laws of the state), Phaedo (the death scene of Socrates, in which he discusses the theory of Forms, the nature of the soul, and the question of immortality), the Symposium (Plato's outstanding dramatic achievement, which contains several speeches on beauty and love), the Republic (Plato's supreme philosophical achievement, which is a detailed discussion of the nature of justice).

中期这部分的著作包括《高尔吉亚篇》(关于几个伦理问题的讨论)，《美诺篇》，《申辩》(在法庭上苏格拉底自己对于指控他无神论和腐蚀雅典青年的罪名的辩护)，《克里托篇》(苏格拉底对于顺从城邦法律所做的辩护)，《费多篇》(苏格拉底之死，他讨论了&型相论&，自然灵魂和不朽的问题)，《会饮篇》(柏拉图最突出和生动的作品，它包含几篇对于&美&和&爱&的演讲)，《理想国》(柏拉图最高的哲学成就，它详细的讨论了关于&正义&的问题)。

With the springing up of the Post-structuralism during the second half of the 20th century, constructivist learning theory, by observing the principles inherent in Post-structuralism such as structurelessness, non-focus, non-rationality and relativity, etc., reflects a networked non-structural and relative learning theory.

心理学理论的发展总是与某一历史时期的哲学思想和自然科学的影响交织并行的，学习理论也不例外。20世纪60年代在法国兴起的后结构主义浪潮在方法论上对学习理论产生了深刻的影响，建构主义就是基于这一思潮而兴起的，是一种后结构主义学习理论。

German philosophers after Neo- Kantian defined human from society and history, but they dissevered the relationship between human and nature.

新康德主义以来的德国现代西方哲学倒是从社会历史的角度来定义人的性质，但是由于他们把人的存在与自然存在机械地割裂开来，历史本身成了不可把握的意义存在，对在其中生存的人的性质的规定也就走上了相对主义的道路。

However,we can find the limitations of the epistemology easily if weconsider it from the standpoint of Marxism:it emphasizes the validity ofantifoundationalism too much and has a unilateral understanding and use ofholism,it even parries and perverts the problem of truth,goes a wrong way todissolve the philosophy of science in the end.

但是，当我们站在马克思主义的立场来考察的时候，就会发现，新实用主义的科学认识论还存在诸多不尽人意的局限：它过于强调反基础主义的合法性，对整体论的运用和理解仍很片面，甚至回避和歪曲真理，走上了消解科学哲学的错误道路。

His scientific thesis still has important directive function in formulating and promulgating China's scientific and technological policies.

今天我们共同回顾钱老的科学技术成就和对中华民族的贡献，研究他的学术思想和哲学观点，学习他在科学技术上勇于创新的精神，表达我们对他的敬意和 90华诞的祝福，具有重要的现实意义。

Based on this discovery, this paper critically interprets the value of IT from the points of view of technical philosophy and media ecology, and then from the point of view of pedagogy, reconstructs the educational value of ...

在此基础上，本文从技术哲学、媒介生态学的视角出发对信息技术的价值进行了批判性的解读，然后在教育学的视角下对信息技术的教育价值进行了重新构建，并为其潜在教育价值的实现指明了必要的价值前提以及实践路向。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。