哲学

In this dissertation I argued that the philosophy of Epictetus is a kind of moral philosophy which aims at the attainment of happiness.

本文认为：爱比克泰德哲学是一种以人生幸福为其旨归的道德哲学。

The state of happiness which is free from passion, Epictetus defines it also as "freedom". It is noticeable that this kind of freedom in the sense of Epictetus is not

爱比克泰德的以精神自由为鹄的的道德哲学，作为一种乱世中的典型的哲学形态，对于身处逆境中的人，无疑还是有一定的抚慰和激励作用，具有一定的现实意义。

Grecian era ; Schools of Epicureanism ; Schools of skepticism ; Schools of stoicism

哲学在这个时代的重要特征就是医治人们心灵的痛苦，而不是像古典哲学时期的柏拉图、亚里士多德那样构想如何建设一个美好的社会，这种特征的变化主要

It founds a basic tone of equalitarian liberalism for his whole theory of justice.

并贯穿于其从道德哲学到政治哲学、从国内正义到国际正义的整个思想的始终。

It founds a basic tone of equalitarian liberalism for his whole theoryof justice.

并贯穿于其从道德哲学到政治哲学、从国内正义到国际正义的整个思想的始终。

The modern philosophy is a kind of science-worldoutlook,its mode of thinking is essentialism.

近代哲学是一种科学世界观，其思维方式是本质主义：而现代哲学则是一种生活世界观，它蕴含的是生成性思维。

Deng Xiaomang suggests that the essentialism is in fact rational spirit, which is a platform for every dialogue.

郭齐勇认为，哲学最重要的本性是宇宙论式的终极关怀，这是中西哲学沟通的平台。

In the development of man, the author introduces the etymological meaning of the word "person" and its philosophical meaning, then its development in psychology and its relations with philosophical theories.

在「人的发展」，作者先介绍了「位格」这个词的来源，它的哲学意义，以及在心理学的发展，及其与哲学理论的相关性。

Nietzsche"s political philosophy is not piled up a dish of messy sand by maxim form, the writer thinks that Nietzsche"s political construction has his continuous logicality. It"s an expression of political philosophy that is constructed on the base of force will and life will, it makes life reach at a transitional bridge that can supply condition for the salvation of art. Thus, there are three understandings here. Firstly, politics is an objective expression of power will, also is an external expression of power will. The real politics depends on power will and services to their requirement and regulation; Secondly, the life faces on the double crises, on the one hand, the life falls into denial of Christian morality. Morality of Christianity presumes another world that life never touch for. This is world of soul belief and pursue, meanwhile, life is depreciated and degenerated as "evil", so the value of life suffers from misunderstanding and denial. Things of presence are subverted as things of exeunt."Uprising of slave in morality" results in the denial of ",master morality, at the same time, although modern democratic politics that based on morality of Christianity makes person return secular life and makes life identity and trite. This kind of politics creates privation of special vulture and race. On the other hand, internal requirement of power will results in the crisis of life because the characteristics of power will is continuous making and destroy.

尼采的政治哲学并非是以格言形式堆积而成的一盘散沙，笔者认为，尼采的政治建构有其一贯的逻辑性，体现为其政治哲学是建构在强力意志或生命意志基础上的并使生命达至艺术拯救提供条件的一座过度性桥梁，对此有三层理解：首先政治是权力意志的一种客观体现，是全力意志的一种外化，真正的政治必须立足于权力意志之上并服务于其要求和规定；其次，生命面临着双重危机，一方面，生命陷入基督教道德的否定之中，基督教道德设定了一个生命遥不可及的彼岸世界，这是灵魂信仰和追求的世界，同时生命被贬堕为"恶"，这样，生命的价值遭到误解和否定，在场的事物被颠覆为退场的事物，"主人道德"被否定，这是"道德上的奴隶起义"的结果，同时基于基督教道德之上的现代民主政治虽然使人回到了尘世，但是又将生命齐一化和平庸化，造成特殊文化和特殊种族的缺位，而正是这种文化和这种种族才能真正地肯定生命；另一方面，生命的危机是权力意志内在的要求所致，因为权力意志的一个特质就是连续地生成和毁灭，就生命本身就是权力意志而言，毁灭就是其必然的命运。

Studying the course of development of these two kinds of logic from this point of view,one can find that rationalist philosophy always attaches importance to deductive logic,and experientialist philosophy to inductive logic.

从这一点出发考察此二种逻辑的发展过程可以发现，演绎逻辑总是受到理性主义哲学的重视，归纳逻辑总是受到经验主义哲学的青睐。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。