哲学

His main works are "Approach to Analyze Technology","Introduction to Technological Sociolization","Introduction to Philosophy of Social Technology", etc., and has published over hundreds of paper in journals of "Philosophy Study","Study in Dialectics of Nature" and other core periodicals and was also editor-in-chief for books of "Researches in Technology and Philosophy","Researches in Science Technology and Society", He is now with a part-time position of being a member of the Evaluation Panel for Discipline of Philosophy of the Academic Degree Committee of the State Council, Vice President of The Chinese Society for Dialectics of Nature, chairman of China Professional Committee for Philosophy of Technology, committeeman of China Professional Committee for Science, Technology and Society, chairman of the Association of Philosophy of Liaoning Province, Standing Deputy President of the Society for Dialectics of Nature of Liaoning Province, committeeman of Consultative committee of Liaoning Provincial Government and Shenyang Municipal Government, Scientific and Technical Consultant of Shenyang Municipal Government, member of the International Society for Philosophy of Technology.

主要论著有：《解析技术》，《技术社会化引论》，《社会技术哲学引论》等，并在《哲学研究》、《自然辩证法研究》等核心期刊上发表百余篇学术论文，还主编《技术与哲学研究》、《科技与社会研究》、《技术哲学博士文库》等。现兼任国务院学位委员会哲学学科评议组成员，中国自然辩证法研究会副理事长，技术哲学学会理事长，科学技术与社会学会理事长，辽宁省自然辩证法研究会常务理事长，辽宁省委、省政府咨询委员会委员，沈阳市政府科技顾问，国际技术哲学学会会员等。

The characteristics of detachability of functionality of application ofgeneral character and openness in philosophy tradition prove the rationalfoundation of china-marxist philosophy.however,severe challenge that marxist philosophy faces,various wrong reading in the traditional theoretical frame ,its purport of ourtime,and tendency of value and historical mission display and demorstrate practical basis of china-marxist philosophy.therefore,theauthor believes that the process of china-marxist philosophy is the process of modernization of chinese philosophy.only by this,can we construct newformation that not only conforms to essential requirement of"threerepresentatives",but also processes china-marxist philosophy of chinesecharacteristics and chinese style.

哲学传统所具有的可拆解性、应用的功能性、深层可共度性以及开放性等特征从理论上表征并确证了马克思主义哲学中国化的理性依据；而马克思主义哲学在当代所面临的严峻挑战、传统理论框架中的种种误读以及它的当代旨趣、价值取向和历史使命，则宣示并彰显了马克思主义哲学中国化的现实基础；鉴此本文认为，马克思主义哲学中国化的过程正是中国哲学走向现代化的过程，只有在这个过程中，才能建构出既符合"三个代表"根本要求又具有中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的"中国化的马克思主义哲学"新形态。

Westerner emphasize ethics value with ontology, epistemology relative meaning, it's the congenital defect of" value question" when western traditional philosophy thinking; Though among China traditional philosophies, originated places to embody, but, going with enervation trend of traditional culture and the impacts of western culture, especially, affected by Russian textbook of Marxism, we do not only realize the value natural instinct of China"s traditional philosophy as consciously, and philosophy is studied and comes from the west to think" value question" instead, even in order to coming and study people"s" value problem" western traditional the thinking frames. This is what cause contemporary people and historical origin of the double predicament of philosophy, also is the realism meaning of the animadvert on the present philosophy view.

西方人在与本体论、认识论相对的意义上强调伦理价值，这是西方传统哲学思考"价值问题"的先天性缺陷；虽然在中国传统哲学中，起始处就是体现为以"内求诸己"的方式把握人"生命之道"的价值性的思想，但由于近代以来伴随传统文化的衰弱趋势和西方文化的冲击，使我们一味效仿西方哲学的范式去研究哲学，尤其是受前苏联马克思主义教科书体系的影响，我们非但没有自觉意识到中国传统哲学的"价值问题"指向，反而认为对"价值问题"的哲学研究源于西方，甚至在被马克思终结了的西方传统形而上学的思维框架中来研究人的"价值问题"，这是造成当代人与哲学双重生存困境的历史根源，亦是当代哲学观批判的现实意义。

Ihde's philosophy of technology is very typical in contemporary American circles of philosophy of technology. His philosophy is not only closely related to former philosophers of technology such as Heidergger and Mumford, but also integrates analytical philosophy and pragmatism with phenomenology. By using materials of history of technology and anthropology, lhde reinterprets former basic problems in the philosophy of technology and forms his own system of philosophy of technology. Ihde's philosophy represents the new directions of American philosophy of technology, which pay attention to the research of the history of technology, the philosophical foundation of philosophy of technology and technological practices.

伊德的技术哲学思想在当代美国技术哲学中很有代表性，他的思想既与以前的技术哲学家像海德格尔、芒福德等人的思想密切相关，又在现象学的基础上融合了实用主义和分析哲学的成分，并借助于人类学和技术史等学科的材料，重新阐释了以前技术哲学中的一些主要问题，形成了自己的现象学技术哲学的思想体系，代表了当代美国技术哲学的最新趋势，即在研究技术史、技术哲学的哲学基础和技术实践的基础上，从不同的角度重新看待技术本身。

Under the postmodernism background, the author tries to survey the development of the western philosophy by connecting the development of the western traditional reasonable philosophy in itself with philosophical crises from self-reasonable angle, therefore, the author chooses some typical and marked philosophers theories to discuss in the course of traditional reasonable philosophy, as follows the author collects the case of Socrates Descartes Kant and Hussel, meanwhile, adopts selfreason as the clue of their theories, concerns about their .philosophical ways contexts philosophical problems and philosophical trouble to reconception.

本文是在后现代思潮高涨的背景下，试图从把西方传统理性主义哲学本身的发展和西方哲学危机结合起来重新审视西方哲学的发展，通过选取在对传统理性主义哲学发展路途上具有里程碑作用的几个哲学家思想的探讨，因此我选取了苏格拉底、笛卡尔、康德、胡塞尔四位思想家的理性自我哲学，对他们的哲学方式、方法内容，由其带来的哲学问题和所面临的困境的反思，尝试着来看传统理性主义哲学到底走向何方？

Considering the historical transition and the feature of modernity of the western philosophical theme,the understanding and construction of the ultimateness,infinity,integrity and non-substantiality and so on of Tao in China's philosophy not only provides the most powerful demonstration for the contemporariness of China's philosophy,but also offers boundless possibility for the visual threshold of the question of the fusion of China's philosophy into contemporary philosophy.

如果从"世界主义"的视角，把"合法性"理解为"合时性"的话，那么"现代性"问题的实质，就是作为原创性的历史存在的中国哲学，能否融入当代哲学主题，并参与当代哲学建构的问题。为使讨论相对集中，本文试从西方哲学主题的历史转换和具有现代性的问题境域入手，解读中国哲学的现代性问题，希望能够从中找到中国哲学"合法性"或"合时性"的内在根据，以挺立中国哲学的民族主体性，并展示中国哲学的世界性、现代性和独特价值。

Considering the historical transition and the feature of modernity of the western philosophical theme,the understanding and construction of the ultimateness,infinity,integrity and non-substantiality and so on of Tao in China's philosophy not only provides the most powerful demonstration for the contemporariness of China's philosophy,but also offers boundless possibility for the visual threshold of the question of the fusion of China's philosophy into contemporary philosophy.

如果从&世界主义&的视角，把&合法性&理解为&合时性&的话，那么&现代性&问题的实质，就是作为原创性的历史存在的中国哲学，能否融入当代哲学主题，并参与当代哲学建构的问题。为使讨论相对集中，本文试从西方哲学主题的历史转换和具有现代性的问题境域入手，解读中国哲学的现代性问题，希望能够从中找到中国哲学&合法性&或&合时性&的内在根据，以挺立中国哲学的民族主体性，并展示中国哲学的世界性、现代性和独特价值。

The evolution of philosophical discourse has experienced four periods from ancient to present-day:the preli minary philosophical discourse of human being was the "children discourse",which marked a "fairy tales"times of philosophy;later emerged the"myster ious discourse",which brought into the "myth"times of philosophy;the"phi losophical discourse"during the period of European Renaissance was the"hum ane discourse",which was also called the"humane"times of philosophy;from modern times,philosophical"power discourse"became popular,it tried to judg e and control people's spirit life,which was"official jargon"times of phil osophy.

从古代到现代，哲学话语的演变大致经历了四个时代：人类的早期哲学话语是&儿童话语&，以&儿童话语&为主流的时代是哲学的&童话&时代；随后出现的是&神秘话语&，以&神秘话语&为主流的时代是哲学的&神话&时代；欧洲文艺复兴时期的哲学话语是&人文话语&，这一时代可以称为哲学的&人文&时代；从近代哲学开始，&权力话语&泛滥，哲学力图裁判和主宰人们的精神生活，这一时期是哲学的&官话&时代。

According to Cassirer, a philosophy of human beings is necessarily to be a philosophy of culture, which is simultaneously the one of science, of art, of language and of myth.

正因为在卡西尔那里，人的哲学必然同时是一种表现为科学哲学、艺术哲学、语言哲学、神话哲学……的文化哲学，所以他的人的哲学归根到底是一种人类文化哲学。

This paper is divided into five parts: the first part focuses on the currentsituation of research, process of his thoughts and his determination to put it to practice.Thought this part, we can understand the background of his constitutional philosophy;In the second part, We recognize his ideological foundation, describe the awarenessand understanding of his culture about East and West, research his background of thecultures about East and West; In the third part, the writer discuss the history ofevolution about Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy, describe the process, that isfrom Eucken's philosophy to kant's philosophy. In this process, we understand therole and significance of Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy in building ademocratic constitutional government; Part IV , in which the writer describes thecharacteristics of Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy, is important; In the end, thewriter thinks that Zhang Junmai political appeal hadn't achieved at the ideal result thathe expected, but, there were some reasonable factors contained in his thoughts, thatwhat we shouldn't be abandoned but be utilized and developed when constructing themodern nation.

本文主要分为五个部分，在绪论中主要叙述了张君劢宪政哲学思想之研究现状以及张君劢宪政思想历程，把张君劢的宪政活动和思想认识做出了初步的概括，使我们能更加清楚的理解他的宪政哲学思想背景；第二部分主要是对其宪政哲学思想形成之基础进行归纳与总结，叙述张君劢对中西文化的认识和理解，研究其宪政哲学思想之中西文化的理论背景；第三部分则是对张君劢宪政思想之哲学演变的探讨，叙述了其宪政哲学思想从倭伊铿哲学转向康德哲学的演变过程，从其思想演变过程来理解张君劢宪政哲学在中国民主宪政建设中的作用和意义；第四部分主要是从张君劢各种宪法草案以及宪政活动中概括其宪政哲学思想之特征，从而得出其民族意识、德法合一与精神自由的宪政哲学核心内涵，并且在时代的背景下对其社会主义思想与马克思主义社会主义观进行了比较研究；第五部分则是对张君劢宪政哲学思想的一种再认识，指出了其宪政哲学思想在当代仍饱含着建设性的意义，并且赞同其复兴儒家文化的主张，认为这一主张在当代社会发展中仍有十分巨大的现实意义，在这些认识基础上，笔者认识到我们仍要保持一种批判与继承的态度去看待张君劢宪政哲学思想。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。