品种

A total of ten legume species were used as materials including Vigna angularis (8 varieties), Vigna radiate (2 varieties), Vigna unguiculata (2 varieties), Phaseolus vulgaris (2 varieties), Arachis hypogaea (2 varieties), Glycine max (2 varieties), Vicia faba (2 varieties), Canavalia gladiata (1 variety), Canavalia ensiformis (1 variety) and Cajanus cajan (1 variety).

试验材料包括红豆(8个品种)、绿豆(2个品种)、豇豆(2个品种)、菜豆(2个品种)、落花生(2个品种)、毛豆(2个品种)、蚕豆(2个品种)、红凤豆(1个品种)、白凤豆(1个品种)及树豆(1个品种)，共计10个物种。

The results above showed:(1) The cultivars of large-flowered chrysanthemum are widely distributed in Beijing area with plentiful floral types and floral colors;(2) The cultivars with the rare types and colors are urgent for protection;(3) Most of the quantitative characters obeys to the normal distribution,some important traits agreed with skewed distribution.The probability grading can assist quantitative character in establishing new grading standards;(4) Most of qualitative characters is asymmetrical in cultivars,which might be caused by unbalanced differentiation of characters or linkages coming from emphasis characters selection;(5) The floral characters are relatively stable and have comparably large influence on classification,the characters of stipule also have a certain degree of stability and can act as an reasonable supplement for cultivars classification,but the foliar characters have worse stability and can only be recognized as lower level criterion.(6) The genetic relationship among the Flat-petaled group,the Quilled-petal group and the Spoon-petaled group are closest,which followed by the Filiform-petal group because of long-term selection pressure for the specialization of the petal tip loved by most people.The Anemone-petal group has further genetic relationship with these four groups.(7) ISSR molecular marker detection indicates that the proportion of polymorphic loci of lardge-flowered chrysanthemum is higher,in which the Flat-petaled group has the highest genetic diversity level.

综合以上的研究结果表明：(1)北京地区现有大量大菊品种，且花型与花色较为丰富；(2)珍稀花型、花色品种亟需保护；(3)大部分数量性状是符合正态分布的，少数重点观赏性状迫于选择压力呈现偏态分布，概率分级法能够辅助大菊的数量性状建立新的分级标准；(4)大部分质量性状在品种群内的分布是不均匀的，可能是由菊花性状遗传分化的不均衡性或受到选育重点性状的连锁作用而造成的；(5)大菊花部性状相对稳定，对品种分类影响较大，其托叶部分也具有一定程度的稳定性，可以作为品种分类的合理补充，而叶部性状稳定性较差，在品种分类中应作为更次一级的分类依据；(6)平瓣类、管瓣类和匙瓣类的亲缘关系最近，畸瓣类品种花瓣先端特化受到人们的喜爱，长期的选择压力使其区别于3种基本瓣型，而这四种瓣型与桂瓣类在亲缘关系上较远；(7)ISSR分子标记检测表明：大菊品种多态性位点百分率较高，平瓣类品种的遗传分化最为丰富。

This paper has studied the physiological and biochemical changes during the period of forming strong buds of tree peony, and expect to provide academic basis for extending its view value and economic benefit . The main results are as the following:1 Under the field condition, Characteristics of photosynthesis of tree peony are very regular. From before blooming to the prophase of abducting buds that after blooming ,that is April,May and June,the net photosynthetic rate of tree peony is higher than the other period .It indicates that this period is very important for accumulating photosynthetic products of tree peony . So, if we want to get quality flower of tree peony ,it is very important to strengthen the management of tree peony cultivation and to ensure provide the fertilizer and water.2 From the middle ten days of June, with the time elapsing and with the environment conditions worsening, the characteristics of photosynthesis of tree peony decline deeply. But it is different among different tree peony breeds. For example , cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng can also has higher net photosynthetic rate, it indicates that cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng is super than the other two tree peony breeds when adapting the environment conditions and cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng has wide prospect to extend .3 The main factors of effecting the characteristics of photosynthesis are stomatal factor and non-stomatal factor ,that is the ability of photosynthesis of leaf cells. Under the environment of high light intensity in midsummer, if overshadow tree peony properly, then it can slow the declining of chlorophyll content, and increase the net photosynthetic rate and benefit for the accumulating of photosynthetic products.4 The content of soluble sugar in the root of tree peony is the highest among different organs during the period of forming strong buds . According to analyse ,we believe that the soluble sugar will compose starch then, and provide the solid base of material for the growth and development next year. It provide us strong academic basis of adopting the method of cultivating root and protecting root under thefield environment conditions .In other words ,it will help to increase the health level of the whole plant of tree peony and will be beneficial to forming quality tree peony flower if we strengthen the management of root. 5 To tree peony, the endogenesis hormone is important for its growth and development .In the prophase ,that is about the blooming of tree peony and the mid-summer ,IAA and ZR contents are higher and GA content is lower and its changes are very little, and the content of ABA is decreasing . This indicates that IAA and ZR act the important promote function for growth and development of tree peony in this period, and the function of GA is not important. Bur in the period of anniversary senescence of tree peony , the content of IAA and ZR begin to decrease ,while the ABA content has a certain rebound .T

本研究对几个牡丹品种壮芽形成过程中的某些生理生化变化做了研究，以期了解牡丹生长发育过程中生理生化的变化规律，探讨大田栽培条件下提高牡丹花质量的栽培措施和管理技术，为提高牡丹的观赏价值和经济效益提供理论依据，结果如下：1 大田栽培条件下，牡丹光合特性在生长发育过程中表现出极强的规律性，牡丹各品种的光合速率从牡丹开花前，到牡丹花谢后的花芽诱导期前期（6月10日之前），也就是在4、5、6月份，各牡丹品种的净光合速率相对与其他时间都维持在比较高的水平，这说明，在这段时间，是牡丹光合产物积累的重要时期，因此，要保证得到高质量的牡丹花，在这段时间加强对牡丹的栽培管理，保证这个时期的肥水供应十分重要。2 从6月中旬后，随时间的推移，环境条件的恶化，牡丹的光合性能剧烈下降，但是不同牡丹品种间仍有差异，比如，乌龙捧盛仍可维持较高的光合水平，这说明了乌龙捧盛这个牡丹品种对于环境的适应性较之其他牡丹品种高，有着广泛的推广前景。3 影响牡丹光合性能的主要因子是气孔因素和非气孔因素即叶肉细胞的光合能力，在盛夏高温高光强的环境条件下，对牡丹进行适当遮荫，能缓解牡丹叶绿素水平的下降，适当提高Pn，有利于光合产物的积累。4 可溶性糖在牡丹各品种的壮芽形成过程中，根中可溶性糖的含量在牡丹各部位中始终维持最高水平，分析认为这些可溶性糖在根系中进一步合成淀粉等储藏性物质，为来年牡丹的生长提供雄厚的物质基础，这为我们在大田栽培条件下对牡丹采取养根护根的栽培措施提供了有力的理论依据，即在大田栽培条件下，加强对牡丹根系的管理，有助于提高牡丹整株的健壮程度，有益于形成高质量的牡丹花。5内源激素对牡丹的生长发育调节作用是十分明显的，在前期，即开花前后和盛夏，IAA和ZR含量维持在比较高的水平，GA含量低且变化不明显，ABA含量逐渐降低，说明了IAA和ZR对牡丹在这段时间内的生长发育起到重要的促进作用，GA的作用不是很明显，ABA可能在高温高光强下有明显的升高，也说明了ABA的确有一些促进作用，但是到了牡丹周年衰老期，IAA和ZR的含量开始下降，ABA含量却有了一定程度的反弹，说明了IAA和ZR的作用开始降低，ABA起到了促进衰老的作用

Seven grapevine cultivars originated from different regions, i. e.'Carbernet Sauvignon' and'Queen of Vineyard'(two members of the Western Europe Cultivars Group),'Rizamat'(a member of the East Cultivars Group),'Red Double Taste'(a hybridized cultivar from Vitis vinifera L. and V. labrusca L.),'1103Paulsen','Red Globe'and 'Autumn Royal'(two new hybridized cultivars between cultivars groups which were warmly planted in recent years) were selected. After different drought stress, a combined measurement of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress to photoinhibition, as well as the role of photorespiration and xanthophyll cycle in photoprotective mechanism. After photorespiration and xanthophyll cycle were separately inhibited, the complementary effect of these two photoprotective pathways was discussed. Detached leaves of different grapevine cultivars, i. e.'Cabernet Sauvignon','Cabernet Franc','Merlot', and a rootstock,'1103Paulsen'were selected as materials, and photoinhibition degree, photorespiration activity as well as its photoprotective function under drought stress were studied. The results are as follows: 1. Under the same drought stress treatment, different photoinhibition degrees formed in different grapevine cultivars.

本研究选择不同起源地的葡萄品种－－包括西欧品种群的赤霞珠和葡萄园皇后、东方品种群的里扎马特、欧美杂种红双味、美洲种砧木1103Paulsen，以及近年来发展较快的品种群间杂交新品种红地球和皇家秋天等七个品种盆栽苗，在进行不同程度的干旱胁迫处理后，利用气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数同步测定的方法，研究干旱对其光抑制程度的影响，以及光呼吸和叶黄素循环组分在其光保护中的作用；并在分别抑制光呼吸和叶黄素循环的基础上，探讨了赤霞珠葡萄两种光保护机制的互补效应；同时选择不同的酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠、品丽珠、梅鹿辄和砧木1103Paulsen的叶片，研究其离体干旱条件下光抑制程度、光呼吸活性及其光保护作用，结果发现： 1。

The experiment showed: 1PER, EST and AMY were polymorphic, meanwhile the isozymic chromatograph could identify the cultivars in this study; 2Two multifoliolate cultivars had specific isozyme loci PER-4, and the level of PER activity of the internal cultivars was higher than the external cultivars; 3 Genetic similarity and euclidean coefficient between the cultivars were 0.826-0.952, 0.500-1.118, between the multifoliolate cultivars were 0.904, 0.500; 4 Multifoliolate cultivares were classified for one type, and others for two other types.

结果表明：1测定的5种同工酶中过氧化物酶、酯酶、淀粉酶具有多态性，综合此3种酶酶谱可以鉴定供试的7个品种；22个多叶型品种具有一共同特征酶带PER-4，国内品种的过氧化物酶活性明显高于国外品种；3品种间的遗传一致度为0.826～0.952，欧氏遗传距离为0.500～1.118，多叶型品种间遗传一致度为0.904，欧氏遗传距离为0.500；4等级聚类分析结果为，以欧氏遗传距离0.400为分界，供试品种分为3类，2个多叶型品种为一类，其余的5种三叶型品种分为另两类。

Moreover, the actual allele frequency of most varieties deviates far from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All PPB、na 、I、h、Gi and Fst have proved to be the references to elucidate that ISSR is a most powerful tool to analyze genetic diversity, compared with the RAPD marker and the allozyme marker is less strong ordinally. We could divided the 70 samples into A, B, C, D and E five groups using three methods according to genetic distance clustering. There is a bit displacement for few varieties in different clustering maps, but the most are similar to morphological analysis despite that there is still a great difference among cultivars in the same one group. The above results imply that the three methods have the different sensitivity and resolution in genetic distance analysis of close varieties. The Mantel test indicates that the results from the three kinds of markers have the significant correlation, which demonstrates that the number of the used three kinds of markers is enough to exactly detect the diversity of all 70 samples to ideal extent. And these methods can be used to evaluate the diversity of the whole group using the miscellaneous samples instead of the individual sample, of the Gerbera jamesonii are mainly from tissue culture plants. In conclusion, the above study results provide a reference for the application of three kinds of molecular markers to molecular marker-assisted breeding of flower. 2. The genetic diversity among the eight introduced cut-flower varieties of Ranunculus asiatica was analyzed by the ISSR markers. Based on the genetic clustering tree, all the colorful flower varieties are clustered into one group, and the white flower varieties into another group. Moreover, among the former group the yellow flower varieties are clustered into one sub-group, and the reddish flower varieties, such as rose color, pink, nacarat, are clusetered into another sub-group.

由三种分子标记的分析结果可以看出，等位基因平均值、观察杂合度、Fis值、Fit值皆较高，表明非洲菊等位基因较丰富，杂合基因偏多，且绝大部份品种的实际等位基因频率在品种内偏离了Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium；PP8、na、Ⅰ、h、Gi及Fst皆表明，ISSR检测遗传多样性的能力最强，其次是RAPD，等位酶最低；根据遗传距离进行聚类，三种方法都把70个品种分成A、B、C、D、E五个大组，每一组中除少数品种发生位移外，大部份品种分类结果相似，且与形态分析结果有相似性，但在每一组中，品种间的聚类差别较大，表明这三种方法在近距离品种间检测遗传变异时灵敏度及分辨力不同；Mantel检测表明，三种标记的分析结果有显著相关性，表明所用的三种分子方法的标记数量已经可以相对无偏地检测到70个品种间遗传变异；非洲菊为组培苗，三种标记的检测结果皆表明，混合样品可以作为个体样品的代表，对整个居群的遗传多样性进行评价；这些研究结果可为三种分子标记方法在花卉分子辅助育种中的进一步应用提供借鉴。

In the seedlings time, the content of chlorophyll decreased by the deficiency of B, but the content of chlorophyll in the high efficiency cultivar decreased slowly than that of the low efficiency cultivar. This suggested that the leaves of the high efficiency cultivar can capture more light energy and the photosynthetic rate of the high efficiency cultivar decreased slowly. In the bolting time and blooming time, after two weeks of B deficiency treatment, the content of chlorophyll in the top leaves of the high efficiency cultivar decreased, and in the late time, the content of chlorophyll decreased slowly. But, the content of chlorophyll in the bellow leaves of the two cultivars had little changes. The reason may be that B in the high efficiency cultivar distributed to the propagative organ in the late growth, and the leaves were short of B.

苗期，缺硼导致甘蓝型油菜色素含量降低，且高效品种色素含量下降的幅度小于低效品种，表明营养生长阶段，同等程度的缺硼条件下，高效品种叶片对光能的收集能力以及光合速率下降的程度相对较小；苔期和花期，在两周的缺硼处理后，高效品种上部叶色素含量依然呈下降趋势，但随着生育期的推移，其下降幅度减小；而高效品种下部叶和低效品种叶片含量变化不大，可能是甘蓝型油菜进入生殖生长阶段后，高效品种将硼更多地分配到繁殖器官，而其叶片却承受了相对较大的缺硼胁迫。

The results showed that:1The quality of fennel seeds in Gansu was the best;2Inner mongolia F1 Hybrid had higher yield and rate of dry matter than other varieties;3The content of Vc, organic acid, proteinic nitrogen and full nitrogen in fennel plant of Gansu was the highest;4 Fennels in Hebei and Shanxi were early maturity variety, and fennels in Jilin, Gansu and Tuoxian of Inner mongolia were mid-maturity variety, while fennels in Inner mongolia F1 Hybrid, Xinjiang and Liaoning were late maturity variety.

研究结果表明：1甘肃品种的种子质量最好，发芽率高；2内蒙F1最好，真叶多，单株生物产量高，干物质率高；3营养成分以甘肃品种相对最好，抗坏血酸、有机酸、蛋白氮、全氮含量都相对较高；4在韶关栽培河北和山西品种属早熟品种，吉林、甘肃和内蒙托县品种属中熟品种，内蒙F1、新疆和辽宁品种属晚熟品种。

In the present study, efficient identification methods for the main varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata W.) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in south of China, especially in zhejiang province, were investigated by using seven cowpea varieties (variety 1, Zhijiangtechang80;variety2, Zhijiangtechang90;variety3, Qiujiang512;variety4, Zhijiang228-2;variety5, Huajiang24;variety6, Yangjiang40;and variety7, Xingaochan8) and five cauliflower varieties (variety A, Longfenteda50tian;variety B, Yidaijinguang80tian;variety C, RuixuetedalOOtian;variety D, Qiuwang80tian;and variety E, Tezao50tian). The application of seed shape, seedling shape, rapid chemical identification and electrophoresis was performed, the main results were as follows.

为开展南方特别是浙江省主要蔬菜作物种子高效快速鉴定技术研究，本试验以七个豇豆品种品种1(之豇特长80，品种2(之豇特长90)，品种3(秋豇512)，品种4(之豇228—2)，品种5(华豇24号)，品种6(扬豇40号)，品种7和五个花椰菜品种品种A(龙峰特大50天，品种B(一代金光80天)，品种C(瑞雪特大100天)，品种D(秋王80天)，品种E(特早50天)为材料，从种子形态、幼苗形态、快速化学和电泳鉴定等方面对豇豆和花椰菜品种鉴定进行了研究，特别是对乳酸—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳在这两种蔬菜品种鉴定上的可行性进行了研究。

The results were showed that a high genetic diversity was observed using these molecular markers. Fifty-four Japanese plum cultivars were classified five groups from the dendrogram. The majority of cultivars of northern areas in China were clustered together, and cultivars of southern areas in China were clustered together. Therefore, the Japanese plum cultivars in China could be classified two groups: northern cultivars group and southern cultivars group.

结果表明：中国李品种间遗传相似系数较低，平均为0.451，从分子水平证明了我国中国李品种的遗传多样性很高；将供试中国李品种分为五类，其中第一类是原产我国北方地区的一些品种，第二是原产我国南方地区的一些品种；第三类是从国外引进的品种，并提出了将我国的中国李品种分为北方品种群和南方品种群观点。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。