吸能的

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

From say on the whole, bump deep increase as what bump force and increase, anti-impact gear is bumped in resistance when, steel tube rises to basically be sucked can action, the suction of angle iron can be worth the 1/5 that is steel tube about.

从总体上说，撞深随着撞击力的增加而增加，防撞装置在反抗撞击时，钢管起到主要吸能的功能，角钢的吸能值约为钢管的1/5。

Two different procedures were used to simulate energy absorption of sand walls under blast wave in an airtight space.

分别使用通用非线性动力学数值计算程序LS-DYNA和自编的多相流程序，计算了某封闭空间中沙墙对爆炸冲击波消波吸能的作用。

High oil absorption resins of higher n-alkyl acrylates modified cotton linter were synthesizedby supension graft copolymerization. The effects of the ratio of n-alkyl acrylates to linter, the kinds and amounts of crosslinker, the amounts of initiator, as well as reaction temperature and time on oil absorbency were investigated.

以棉短绒为基材，丙烯酸长链酯为单体，双丙烯酸二元醇酯为交联剂，采用悬浮接枝共聚法合成了高吸油性材料，考察了棉纤维与单体的投料比、交联剂种类与用量、引发剂用量、聚合反应温度与时间等因素对该材料吸油性能的影响，得到了不同丙烯酸长链酯与棉纤维接枝聚合制备吸油材料的最佳工艺条件。

Based on the characteristics of railway vehicles, the crashworthy subway vehicle was designed. The design concept of crashworthy car-body was proposed and the energy-absorbing process of the head car impact was divided into four steps: the first step is the rubber buffer of the buffer equipment of vehicle coupler; the second is the buffer with collapsible tube; the third is the cut bolt of vehicle coupler; the fourth is the special energy-absorbing structures and the anti-climbers on the underframe of head car.

针对地铁车辆自身特点进行耐冲击地铁车辆吸能结构设计，提出了耐冲击地铁车辆设计理念，将该地铁头车在撞击过程中的能量吸收过程设计为4级：第1级为车钩缓冲装置缓冲器，第2级为缓冲装置中的压溃变形管，第3级为车钩剪切螺栓，第4级为位于头车前端底架的吸能结构和防爬器等可变形结构。

Afterwards, the crash process of the thin-walled structure is simulated to find the effect of the cross section, the thickness and the pre-deformation on the crash capacity, and the axial impact deformation of the circinal tube is analyzed in the theoretical way, the axial impact deformation of the square tube and subulate tube are analyzed by simulation.

最后本文建立了原DF_(8B)机车车体正面碰撞刚性墙的仿真模型，在分析碰撞结果后，对原DF_(8B)机车车体的底架和司机室结构进行了改进；并利用薄壁圆管和锥形结构设计了吸能装置，利用凸凹相见的防爬板设计了防爬装置；对安装了吸能装置和做出结构改进的耐碰撞DF_(8B)机车以10m/s和15m/s速度正面撞击刚性墙进行仿真，结果表明碰撞时吸收装置先于车体主结构破坏，吸收碰撞能量，其吸能能力达到了国外有关标准的要求。

Fixation of direct dyes with silica gel ;2. Taking advantage of proof salt and high hydrophilic property of the silica gel and the carboxymethyl cellulose inarch polysalt of the super water-absorbent resin recombination,this paper made use of the water-absorbent composite form the inorganic polymer, sequentially advanced water-absorbent velocity and capacity of polymer water-absorbent resin in the brine.

利用具有良好耐盐和高亲水性能的硅凝胶与羧甲基纤维素接枝聚丙烯酸盐的高吸水树脂进行复合，制备出无机高分子的硅凝胶-羧甲基纤维素接枝聚丙烯酸盐耐盐高吸水复合材料，从而提高了高分子吸水树脂在盐水中的吸收能力及吸收速度，研究了复合材料的吸盐水性能，通过扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料表面的微观结构，初步探讨了硅凝胶-羧甲基纤维素接枝聚丙烯酸盐耐盐高吸水复合材料的吸盐水机理。

By Adopting spring as trigger method and metal thinned wall cylinder as energy absorption method, this equipment's mechanical structure is designed and developed.

采用弹簧触发方式及金属薄壁吸能梁作为吸能方式对该装置的机械结构进行了设计与开发。

Studies on the effect of eluting time,temperature and ultrasonic on elution rate are carried out and X-ray fluorescence are used in analysis.

针对硫酸溶液可以有效洗脱树脂上的氰化物和锌，但不能洗脱铜的工艺问题，选择氨水溶液对酸洗后201×7树脂上的铜进行解吸；试验研究了解吸过程的时间、温度以及超声波作用等条件对解吸率的影响，并进行了X射线荧光分析。

Fishing bumper crop, there can be cited, the import of fish smoking fish, smoking fish machine, you can!

捕鱼大丰收，有能引鱼吸鱼的进口吸鱼机，你能！

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷