含水

The invention relates to a continuous process for recovering caprolactam from aqueous caprolactam product, said aqueous caprolactam product comprising caprolactam, impurities, and water, said process comprising: adding alkali hydroxide to the aqueous caprolactam product, in an amount of not more than 100 mmol alkali hydroxide per kg of caprolactam; reacting at least part of the added alkali hydroxide to form alkali amino caproate, to obtain a caproate-enriched caprolactam product; and distilling the caproate-enriched caprolactam product at reduced pressure.

本发明涉及从含水己内酰胺产物中回收己内酰胺的连续方法，所述含水己内酰胺产物包括己内酰胺，杂质，和水，所述方法包括：以不超过100mmol碱金属氢氧化物/kg的己内酰胺的量将碱金属氢氧化物加入到含水己内酰胺产物中；让所添加的碱金属氢氧化物的至少一部分起反应，形成碱金属氨基己酸盐，以获得了富含己酸盐的己内酰胺产物；和减压蒸馏富含己酸盐的己内酰胺产物。

Because fluid pressure and rock stress change during sealed coring process, the degasification and rock pore volume change. As a result, there is difference between laboratory measuring saturation with in-situ saturation. Therefore the laboratory measuring fluid saturation has to be corrected to predict the in-situ fluid saturation.

在密闭取心过程中，由于流体压力和岩石应力的改变，导致流体脱气和岩石孔隙度改变，因此室内测定的岩心含水饱和度和实际油藏含水饱和度存在较大的误差，有必要将室内测定的含水饱和度校正到油藏条件下。

A simple estimation method for molar Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of formation for complex oxysalt minerals is proposed. Complex oxysalt minerals are divided into complex oxysalt minerals with water and complex oxysalt minerals without water. Complex oxysalt minerals without water can be considered as the composite of acidic oxides and alkaline oxides, so their molar Gibbs free energy or molar enthalpy of formation can be calculated by the summation of molar Gibbs free energy or molar enthalpy of formation of the acidic oxides and alkaline oxides which are combined into the complex compounds.

提出了一种复杂含氧盐矿物的摩尔生成Gibbs自由能和摩尔生成焓的简单估算方法，并把复杂含氧盐矿物分为不含水复杂含氧盐矿物和含水复杂含氧盐矿物，不含水复杂含氧盐矿物可以看作是酸性氧化物和碱性氧化物组成的物质，其摩尔生成Gibbs自由能或摩尔生成焓都可以看作是酸性氧化物和碱性氧化物复合成的化合物摩尔生成Gibbs自由能或摩尔生成焓之和。

In consideration of the problems in logging interpreting subzone water saturation for reserves calculation, Excel subroutine and functions are used to implement the methods of average calculation of pore volume of water saturation, saturation extreme and water saturation extreme and the extreme of pore volume of water saturation.

针对储量计算中测井解释小层含水饱和度的计算问题，用Excel宏命令和函数实现了含水饱和度孔隙体积平均计算方法、含水饱和度极值算术平均计算方法、含水饱和度厚度极值平均计算方法以及含水饱和度孔隙体积极值平均计算方法的功能。

The author has analyzed the three aquiferous groups separately. Based on above these, Huanhe aquiferous group and Luohe aquiferous group, which distribute range wide, aquifer stratum thickly, natural resource abundantly, are the main aquiferous stratums to supply water of the meaning.

通过对这3大含水岩组分别进行了分析认为，洛河含水岩组和环河含水岩组分布范围广、含水层厚度大、天然资源丰富，是盆地区具供水意义的主要含水岩组。

Based on characters of crossplot of water saturation S and resistivity increscent index I, the influences of pore structure and water saturation on n have been analyzed, and calculation methods, including sectional regression method, correlative analysis method of water saturation S and n, are used for calculating the n more accurately.

根据岩电实验中含水饱和度S与电阻增大率I交会曲线的特征，分析了样品孔隙结构及含水饱和度对含水饱和度指数n值的影响，使用了I-S分段回归法、n-S相关分析法以更精确地计算样品的含水饱和度指数n值。

Synthesis of organic sulfuric compounds in aqueous media is carried out by: using thio-olefin compounds with carbonyl compounds, acetal/keltone, hydrazone, oxime, osazone and enamine to synthesize mercaptal/keltone compounds in aqueous media; using thio-olefin compounds with alpha-hydroxyaldehyde/keltone or alpha-halogenated aldehyde/keltone to synthesize thia-olefin derivatives in a queous media; using thio-olefin compounds with alpha, beta-unsaturated hydroxy compounds, C-C treble bond, C-N treble bond, C-C double bond, N-N double bond, C-N double bond, C-S double bond, epoxy and its derivatives, aziridine and its derivatives, cyclopropane and its derivatives and halogenated carboxy to synthesize sulfoether compounds in a queous media.

含水介质中有机硫化合物的合成方法，本发明属于有机合成方法，用硫缩烯酮类化合物与羰基化合物、缩醛/酮、腙、肟、脎、烯胺在含水介质中合成缩硫醛/酮化合物，与α-羟基醛/酮或α-卤代醛/酮在含水介质中合成噻烯类衍生物，与α，β-不饱和羰基化合物、碳碳叁键、碳氮叁键、碳碳双键、氮氮双键、碳氮双键、碳硫双键、环氧乙烷及其衍生物、氮杂环丙烷及其衍生物、环丙烷及其衍生物、卤代烃等在含水介质，中合成硫醚化合物。

By the end of 2002, the Shengli oildom has developed 67 oilfields with 89.9 percent watercut and 76.3 percent of recoverable reserve. Furthermore, watercut of 19 oilfields including Shengtuo, Gudao, and Gudong and so on has exceeded 90 percent.

至2002年底，胜利油区已投入开发油田67个，平均综合含水89.9%，可采储量采出程度76.3%，其中胜坨、孤岛、孤东等19个油田综合含水大于90%，全油区常规水驱特高含水单元339个，动用地质储量15.2×10~8t，占油区动用储量的43.1%。

There are 339 reservoirs in especially high watercut stage with 1.52 billion tons of OOIP which accounts for 43.1 percent of the Shengli oildom. Development status and character of these oilfields has changed a lot. The paper has demonstrated the trend of development indexes.

特高含水期油田开采程度、开发状况、开发规律较前一阶段发生了变化，本文研究了常规水驱开发油藏特高含水期开发指标的变化规律，结果表明随着含水上升，液量下降，含水上升幅度减缓，产量、油井开井率及新井单井增加可采储量不断减小。

In order to do research on pipe flow and pump characteristics of polymer flooding and water flooding rod-pumped well in especially high water-cut stage, rheometric test aimed at production stream from polymer flooding and water flooding rod-pumped well in especially high water-cut stage has been made, and the characteristic of production stream in especially high water-cut stage is confirmed as Newtonian fluid. Experiments using different mediums about pipe flow and pump characteristics is made. Frictional resistance and coefficient of friction resistance of annulus fluid between sucker rod and the pipe flow is calculated under different working conditions. Frictional resistance between plunger and pump barrel under different parameters is calculated based on related theory of pump characteristic and the strained analytical model of oil-well pump. Besides, using the theory of slit flow and hydraulic -clamping pressure, the frictional resistance is calculated, and the error between the result and measured value is no more than 13%.

为研究特高含水期水驱及聚驱抽油机井管流特性与泵特性，本文针对特高含水期水驱及聚驱井采出液进行了流变性试验，确定了特高含水期油井采出液的性质属牛顿流体；利用不同介质，进行管流特性与泵特性试验，得到了不同工况下杆、管环空流的摩擦阻力和摩阻系数；根据泵特性相关理论和抽油泵受力分析模型，计算了不同参数下柱塞与泵筒间的摩擦阻力，并利用缝隙流与液压卡紧力理论对柱塞与泵筒间的摩擦阻力进行了计算，计算结果与实测值误差在13%以内。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。