吞咽的

Among 275 patients who underwent partial laryngectomy, 126 patients totally restored their swallowing protection, phonation and respiration, 128 patients basically recovered their pronouncing and language communication function, 15 patients pronounced very hoarse, however they could contact by the whispered voice in a short distance and telephone, although 125 patients manifest wrong deglutition to different level, their swallowing protection basically recovered after swallowing education.

本组275例喉部分切除手术有126例（45.82％）病人喉的吞咽保护、发音和呼吸功能全部恢复，128例（48.00％）基本恢复了发音、语言交流功能，15例声音重度沙哑，近距离耳语或通过电话尚能进行语言交流。125例（45.45％）术后出现不同程度的误吸，其中116例经过吞咽训练后基本恢复了正常吞咽功能，9例误吸较重者经训练后在特殊体位下亦基本恢复了正常吞咽功能，未出现因严重误吸导致吸入性肺炎或行胃造瘘和气、食管分离手术者。

A review of the literature in Taiwan revealed a lack of recent systematic analysis on dysphasia. The purpose of this article was to discuss dysphasia within the concept analysis framework provided by Walker and Avant (2004). This article verified and confirmed the conceptual characteristics of dysphasia; identified antecedents and consequences; and elaborated on previous cases (including model, borderline, contradictory, and related cases).

虽然目前有不少的文献探讨吞咽障碍的评估与处置，但并无针对吞咽障碍作有系统的概念分析，故本文依Walker及Avent(2004)提出概念澄清与分析方法来进行吞咽障碍的概念分析，广泛性地查证此概念之定义及确认吞咽障碍的概念性特徵，并且列举典型、边缘与相反案例作说明，同时确认吞咽障碍发生的前因与后果并阐述相关实证资料。

The number of swallows and total swallowing time per bolus correlated significantly to maximal inspiratory pressure.

吞咽每个水丸所需的吞咽次数和吞咽时间与最大吸气压有明显的相关性。

Objective: To assess the effect of cognitive-sentiment and sensorium impairment on the outcomes of training for swallowing function in patients with dysphagic stroke.

目的：探讨认知功能缺损、感觉障碍对脑梗死伴吞咽功能障碍并进行吞咽功能训练的患者吞咽功能恢复的影响。

Thirty four patients with dysphagic stroke were divided into 2 groups on the basis of MMSE score, in which 16 patients are dysphagia complicating cognition functional impairment and 18 patients were just swallowing functional disturbance. All patients accepted treatments including swallowing functional training and acupuncture therapy.

34例脑梗死并发摄食-吞咽功能障碍患者，根据MMSE认知功能评定将患者分为吞咽功能障碍合并认知功能缺损组16例，单纯吞咽功能障碍组18。B组患者给予吞咽功能训练并行针灸治疗，A组在B组治疗方法的基础上进行认知功能的评定、训练和心理疏导。

Subjects received 30 minutes of swallowing training six days a week, for a total 8 weeks. The indicators to determine the effectiveness of the swallowing training included conducting a swallowing test of 90 ml of water at room temperature, frequency of feeding chocking, swallowing questionnaire, swallowing examination, geriatric depression scale, self-esteem scale , body weight and self report.

吞咽训练方案为期八周，每周六天，每天进行30分钟的训练方式；研究成效之评量指标为「90ml室温水吞咽测试」、「进食呛咳频率」、「吞咽问卷」、「吞咽检查」、「老人忧郁量表」、「自尊量表」、「体重」及「自评疗效」。

The results suggested that subjects who have undergone swallowing training experienced significant increases in water speed, water volume per swallow and body weight, and decreases in frequency of feeding chocking, chocking during water swallowing, residue water volume, score in swallowing examination. Subjects self-reported significant improvement in swallowing difficulty after their training.

研究结果发现，实施吞咽训练护理方案后较训练前在「增加吞咽速度」、「增加每口平均吞咽水量」、「减少吞水呛咳」、「减少残留水量」、「减少进食呛咳频率」、「减少吞咽检查积分」及「增加体重」等项目进步情形皆有显著之差异，但於「吞咽问卷」、「老人忧郁量表」及「自尊量表」之得分在训练前、后无显著差异；此外，研究对象主观认为吞咽训练护理方案对吞咽困难的改善有帮助。

In each case, the magnets were small and easily to swallow

在每个事件中的磁石，都是细小的和容易被吞咽的。

Using tsp Hey, the tsp from the mouth into the edge of lip between teeth, and then use tsp tongue pressure when the baby swallowing continue after the withdrawal of feeding the second key tsp; if the baby does not swallow, can be used pollicis forefinger pinch baby cheeks, so baby go on swallowing, attention, do not pinch the nose, into the trachea so as to avoid choking.

用小匙喂，把小匙从嘴角边上倒入唇齿之间，然后用小匙压舌尖，待孩子吞咽下去之后，再撤出小匙喂第二匙；如孩子不吞咽，可用拇食指捏孩子两颊，这样孩子就吞咽下去了，注意，不要捏鼻子，以免呛入气管。2、把辅食做得花色品种多样，色香味俱佳，诱发孩子的食欲。

After the nasal cavities of the volunteers were decongested and topically anesthetized,the specially designed concentric needle electrode was inserted in the site of the TVP intranasally under the guidance of nasopharyngo scope.

在进行鼻腔粘膜收缩及表面麻醉后，经由鼻内窥镜介导下，将同心圆电极针置入TVP不同扎入点，嘱受试者进行一系列的空吞咽以及含水吞咽动作，选择9名受试者进行空吞咽与含水吞咽引发TVP收缩时EMG比较，记录所有吞咽时TVP的EMG波形。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。