向细胞的

The reasons of RA focus on disbalance of immunity net, the effect of so many cytokines and MMPs , and the tumor-like proliferation of fibroblast-like synovicytes in joints, though the cause of developing disease is unknow.

RA的发病过程中，免疫网络失衡，加上成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast-like synoviocytes，FLS)的类肿瘤样生长及所分泌的大量促炎性细胞因子、趋化因子和金属蛋白酶，是导致关节内炎性细胞聚集，滑膜细胞增生和向周围组织侵蚀及基质降解和破坏的主要因素。

Embryonal carcinoma and neuroblastoma are both formed during embryonal development, retinoic acid can induce them to differentiate into neurons.

胚胎瘤和神经母细胞瘤都是胚胎发育期间形成的肿瘤，维甲酸可以诱导这两种肿瘤细胞向神经元方向分化，在研究神经元分化机理时作为细胞模型得以广泛应用。

In this study, we isolated a clonogenic cells from adult human dental pulp. They produced calcified nodules in differentiation inducive medium. When transplanted into immunocompromised mice, they generated a dentin-like structure and human odontoblast-like cells.

主要结论： 1。从成人健康阻生齿中分离到的部分细胞具有一定的克隆形成能力，在诱导剂的作用下，还可向脂肪细胞、肌细胞及成牙本质细胞方向分化，具有多向分化能力，符合干细胞的特性。

The outer neuroblastic layer before it divided to inner and outer nuclear layer and outer complexiform layer and gonglion cell layer showed a temporal PCNA positive which was related to proliferation. The three cell layers had another PCNA positive when finished time changed from outer to inner after their morphologic development basically completed( outer nuclear layer:11～15 days,inner nuclear layer: 8～16 days, gonglion cell layer:16～21 days).

PCNA显示在外成神经细胞层分化为内、外核层和外丛状层之前，和节细胞各有一次和增殖相关的阳性表达。3个细胞层在形态学的分化基本完成后，又出现了一次结束时间是由外向内变化的阳性过程（外核层：第11天至15天：内核层：第8天至16天，神经节细胞层： 16天到21天，这一次阳性表达过程可见到细胞形态向成年形态的转化。

All of those confirmed the odontogenetic ability of adipose-derived stem cells, offered theory and experimental basis for the abundant seed cells in tooth tissue engineering, construct new research model for the micro-environment of the odontogenesis in vitro and vivo.

目的 本研究通过酶消化法分离培养脂肪干细胞，运用牙胚细胞条件培养液体外诱导脂肪干细胞向成牙本质样细胞分化，再将脂肪干细胞与成釉器上皮细胞混合接种入体内建立牙髓-牙本质复合体模型，证实大鼠脂肪干细胞的成牙潜能，为牙齿组织工程化研究获得大量、稳定、可靠的种子细胞提供理论和实验依据；并为体内、外成牙微环境的机理研究构建新的模型。

The periostea of both experimental and control side of the mandibular ramus were taken and prepared, 2 of each 5 rabbits in a group were prepared for HE stain detection and 3 for proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemical detection.Results:1, The newly formed bone was detected on the lateral aspect of mandibular ramus after periosteal distraction. The bone was shaped like a hill. It looked very low and was full of holes at postoperative day 28. With the time of consolidation period lengthened, the newly formed bone matured gradually. X-ray examination showed the new bone shaped like a hill. The average values of new bone height at postoperative days 28,35,42 and 56 were 1.86 + 0.15mm, 2.29 + 0.29mm,3.19 + 0.13mm and 4.70 + 0.45mm. Histological examination of both HE stain and picricacid-fuchsin stain showed the increase in the number of osteoblasts and the change in the orientation of collagen fibers and bone trabecula. There were no significant differences between newly formed bone and original bone on the lateral aspect of mandibular ramus at postoperative day 56 histologically.2 Compared with the control side, the distracted periostea proliferated obviously under the microscope, and the number of periostealcells increased with satiation of cellular nuclear per unit area. The images of PCNA immunohistochemical stain of periosteum showed that the experimental periosteum proliferated obviously after distraction compared with the control side.

结果：骨膜牵张成骨的实验研究南京医科大学硕{学位论文l、骨膜牵张后，可见下领升支外侧的骨皮质上有新骨形成，新骨呈山峰状凸起，术后第28天的新生骨较低平，多孔隙，随着固定时间的延长，新骨逐渐成熟；下领升支前后向切线位X线投照显示新骨呈山峰样隆起；经测量，术后第28、35、42和56天组平均新生骨厚度分别为x.86士0.15mm、2.29士0.29mm、3.19士0.13mm和4.70 土0.45mm；脱钙骨组织的HE染色和不脱钙骨组织的苦味酸一品红染色的组织学观察均显示了新生骨在成骨细胞数量上的增长，以及胶原纤维和骨小梁排列方向上的变化，术后第56天的新生骨在组织学上与原升支骨组织已无明显区别。2、HE染色显示，与对照组相比较，实验侧骨膜增生明显，细胞间排列紧密，单位面积内骨膜细胞数增多，细胞核饱满；骨膜PCNA 免疫组化染色显示，与对照侧相比较，实验侧骨膜在牵张后出现了明显的增生迹象，PCNA阳性细胞分布紧密，单位面积内阳性细胞数较对照组多，靠近骨表面的骨膜中的阳性细胞数更多而且分布更为紧密。

Results: A 2-AAF/PH model was successfully established to activate the oval cell compartment in rat liver. HOC appeared mainly in periportal areas and could extend into the liver parenchyma. The volume of oval cells was about as big as one forth to one sixth of normal liver cells, with a oval-shaped nucleus and high nuclear/cytoplasm ratio.

结果：以2-乙酰氨基芴加三分之二肝切除术成功建立了大鼠肝卵圆细胞增殖模型，HE染色汇管区可见大量增殖的小圆细胞，并可向肝实质内延伸，免疫组化证实增生细胞OV-6、c-kit、CKl9及AFP染色阳性，而白细胞共同抗原染色阴性。

The basolateral M cell surface is invaginated to form an intracellular central pocket into and out of which lymphocytes and macrophages.

M细胞是一种特化的上皮细胞，多分布于Peyer's结圆顶区的周边，FAE的顶端未见M细胞；其结构有别于相邻的肠上皮细胞，表面没有长而整齐的微绒毛，取而代之的是粗而短的微皱褶，胞质内终末网不发达，溶酶体较少，基底膜向顶部穹隆状突起，形成一&口袋&样结构，其中含有多个免疫活性细胞。

Disorderly orientation and a age of the collagen structure of trabeculae were manifested.

大量功能活跃的破骨细胞出现，成骨细胞功能相对减退，向骨细胞转化。

The results show that a large number of cone cells distributes in the central area of retina, and the number of cell in outer nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer is approximate, and the protuberances of pigment epithelium cells extend to cones and rods layer, which suggest that Zoacys dhumnades is diurnal habitual species.

结果表明，乌梢蛇视网膜中央区分布着大量的视锥细胞，外核层与节细胞层的细胞数量相当，色素上皮层的细胞有许多突起伸向视杆视锥层内，说明乌梢蛇是一种昼行性蛇类。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。