向上挠曲

In this method it is assumed that when the rail is bent downward, it will be subjected to the reactive force of elastic support points, and when bent upward, the rail will sustain the reactive force of the fastenings (i.e.the weight of sleepers and the friction between sleepers and ballast).

其中假定钢轨向下挠曲时所受的是支点反力；向上挠曲时所受的是扣件反力(由于轨枕自重和轨枕与道床的摩擦力)，这两种反力按上下方向以不同的非线性关系依赖于钢轨位移。

Results show that the Spiti shale in Zanskar terminated 15Ma later than that in southern Tibet, while the lowermost Cretaceous quartz sandstone in Zanskar appeared 18Ma later than that in southern Tibet. The age of volcanic sandstone in southern Tibet is very poorly time constraint and their deposition occurred somewhere within Berriasian～early Albian. In Thakkhola, the Chukh Group volcanic sandstone are of late Hauterivian-early Albian age (duration about 20Ma), while in Zanskar, the volcanic sandstones facies only appeared in Albian (duration of less than 10Ma). Therefore, it can be concluded that the onsets of both quartz sandstone and volcanic sandstone occurred earlier in eastern Tethys Himalayas than in western Tethys Himalayas .

侏罗纪末～白垩纪初印度大陆的北缘同时期存在大陆向上挠曲，导致陆源碎屑输入量的快速增加，石英砂岩广泛存在；早白垩世火山岩屑砂岩对应着的印度大陆北缘地层侵蚀加深，使得较深部的深成火山岩暴露并遭受侵蚀；石英砂岩和早白垩世岩屑砂岩所代表的印度大陆剥露时间在空间上的&东早西晚&，说明构造运动首先是从特提斯喜马拉雅的东部开始（大印度与澳大利亚的彻底分离），然后逐渐波及西部的，东西时间差为15～20Ma；由于地壳均衡作用，大陆分离后原先地壳挠曲转变为地壳下沉，发生强烈的构造沉降，故Albian之后沉积一套深水环境下的海绿石、磷酸盐和黑色页岩沉积。

The tectonic effect by foreland basin system might not be significant since Kueichulin Formation corresponded to eustatic sea level change and the Kueichulin Formation might means an unaffected tecton - sediemntary unit. The locality might be the hinge of forebulge flex.

前凸起的运动模式应为以垂直向上抬升为主，而非有向陆迁移之现象之外，而其发生时间应为6.5 - 5.6Ma；由於桂竹林层仍符合全球海水面变化，则其表示了一个在前陆盆地系统挠曲行为中一个较不被影响的构造单元，则此应为前凸起之枢纽带位置。

The result shows that the flexural stress of the western China is about several hundred MPa. Tien Shan is under large compression with the compressional stress varies from 300 MPa to 600 MPa.

结合中国大陆西部的地质特征，讨论了挠曲应力场在板块垂向上的变化规律，分析了垂向荷载和水平荷载对挠曲应力场的影响。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。