后肾

Norepinephrine ; epinephrine ; prazosin ; yohimbine ; pithed rat ; renal blood vessel perfusion ; electric stimulation ;α1 and α2receptors

去甲肾上腺素；肾上腺素；哌唑嗪；育亨宾；毁脑脊髓大鼠；肾血管灌流；电刺激；突触后膜α_1和α_2受体

Clinical study of a Chinese medicine of replenishing kidney in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis .

补肾中药在治疗绝经后骨质疏松的临床研究。

objective to evaluate efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyfor treating ureteral stones in situ,investigate the cause of higher re-treatment rate.methods total of 687 patients with ureteral stone were received eswl between january 2000 and december 2004,included 455 male(66.2%) and 232 female(33.8%) patients,6 cases have bilateral ureteral calculi,12 cases have unilateral multiple calculi.hence,together 709 ureteral calculi were treated.patients upper ureteral calculi were treated in the supine position,for lower ureteral calculi patients were turned prone.to reduce eswl-induced renal trauma and pain,using lower energy source,adjusted power setting from 9.8 to 13.2kv,limited 1500 shock wavs per one session.no auxiliary procedure were used before eswl.the stone size was measured as the surface area of stone length by stone width on x-ray film.the interval between two treatment sessions was two weeks.results of 709 ureteral calculi,the overall stone free rate was 97.3%(690 calculi),re-treatment rate was 34.1%(292 calculi).according to the performed treatment sessions,one session 467 calculi,the mean stone size 37.27mm2,stone free rate 65.4%(464 calculi).two sessions 138 calculi,the mean stone size 62.48mm2,stone free rate 18.4%(131calculi).three sessions 52 calculi,the mean stone size 79.60mm2,stone free rate 7.1%(50calculi).four sessions 19 calculi,the mean stone size 101.63mm2,stone free rate 2.4%(17calculi).fivesessions 33 calculi,the mean stone size 119.33mm2,stone free rate 3.9%(28 calculi).overall 19 cases(2.7%)turned to other treatment modalities.of 335 upper ureteral calculi,303 achieved stone free (95.8%),re-treatment rate was 38.5%(129 calculi).of 374 lower ureteral calculi,369 achieved stone free(98.7%),re-treatment rate was 30.2%(113 calculi).the re-treatment rate of upper ureteral calculi was higher than lower ureteral calculi(p＜0.05,χ2=5.40).the difference of stone-free rate between upper and lower ureteral calculi was no significant(p＞0.05,χ2=0.15).conclusion eswl should be considered first line therapy for ureteral stone still.stone burden are the main variable of higher re-treatment rate,upper ureteral stone may moving with respiring during eswl.so efficinet shock wave was decreared,re-treatment rate become higher.

目的 评估体外震波碎石治疗输尿管结石的疗效，探讨再治疗率高的原因及输尿管结石的治疗选择。方法回顾2000年1月～2004年12月间eswl治疗输尿管结石的临床资料687例，男455例（66.2%），女232例（33.8%），平均年龄46.6岁（15～83岁）。有双侧输尿管结石6例，单侧多发性输尿管结石12例（4颗1例，3颗2例，2颗9例），共计输尿管结石709颗（含透光结石13颗）。应用上海爱申公司生产的desunit6030型碎石机，c臂x线球管做结石定位。上段输尿管结石（肾盂输尿管交界处至骶髂关节上缘）取仰卧位，下段输尿管结石（骶髂关节上缘下至输尿管口）取俯卧位。为减少eswl引起的肾损伤和疼痛，应用较低的能量，震波发生器电压从9.8～13.2kv，震波频率1.5s。每次治疗设定为1500次震波。治疗后3天摄腹部平片或b超，以后每隔7日重复检查。假如结石未碎或有残留结石最长径＞3mm以上，再次eswl，两次治疗的间隔时间为两周。结石的大小用x线片上的表面积（mm2表示。结果 709颗输尿管结石总的治愈率为97.3%（690颗），再治疗率34.1%（242颗）。其中一次治疗467颗，平均结石大小37.27mm2，治愈464颗（65.4%），3颗改治疗；两次治疗138颗，平均结石大小62.48mm2，治愈131颗（18.5%），7颗改治疗；第1和第2次治疗治愈率（1个月治愈率）为83.8%。3次治疗52颗，平均结石大小79.60mm2，治愈50颗（7.1%），2颗改治疗；4次治疗19颗，平均结石大小101.63mm2，治愈17颗（2.4%），2颗改治疗；5次及5次以上治疗33颗，平均结石大小119.33mm2，治愈28颗（3.9%），5颗改治疗。总计19颗（2.7%）结石改变治疗方式。上段输尿管结石335颗，治愈321颗（95.8%），再治疗129颗（38.5%）。下段输尿管结石374颗，治愈369颗（98.7%），再治疗113颗（30.2%）。经χ2检验，上、下段输尿管结石的再治疗率差异有显著性（χ2=5.40，p＜0.05），治愈率差异无显著性（χ2=0.15，p＞0.05）。不良反应：血压升高13例（1.9%），震波区域疼痛26例（3.8%），震波进入处皮肤点状淤血33例（4.8%），肉眼血尿128例（18.6%），均于第2、3天自行消失。结论 eswl目前仍是输尿管结石的第一线治疗，结石的大小是再治疗率高的主要因素。结石的位置有影响，上段输尿管结石可随呼吸移动，有效震波次数减少，再治疗率比下段输尿管结石高。eswl前注重病例筛选可降低再治疗率。

RESULTS: The levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin activity were improved distinctly after 6-mo combined treatment. The levels of serum ALT, AST and TBIL became normal in 57.1%, 42.8%, and 50.0% of patients, respectively. The percentages of patients with undetectable HBV DNA levels (0^5 copies/L), seropositive HBeAg and seroconversion were 50.0%, 28.4% and 7.1%, respectively. Ascites was retrogressed in those accompanied with ascites. There were no obvious renal toxicity and adverse reation.

结果：联合治疗6mo后患者ALT、AST、TBIL、Alb、PTA水平较联合治疗前明显改善，ALT、AST和TBIL复常患者的比例分别为57.1%、42.8%、50.0%； HBVDNA05copies/L、HBeAg转阴、HBeAg/抗HBeAb转化的患者比例分别为50.0%、28.4%和7.1%；产生腹水的患者腹水全部消退，对肾功能无明显影响，治疗期间未观察到阿德福韦相关的变异。

METHODS: The ascending aorta, abdominal aorta, and renal artery were harvested within 1 hour of death.

死后1 h之内解剖取死者出升主动脉、腹主动脉、肾动脉，将标本沿纵向切成长25 mm的试样共26个。

Multislice spiral CT plain scan and enhancement scan and reconstruction can sufficient by display the sign of cystic renal carcinoma.

多层螺旋CT平扫与增强扫描及冠、矢状位后重建处理，能充分显示囊性肾癌的征象，提高诊断准确率。

Multislice spiral CT plain scan and enhancement scan and reconstruction can sufficient by display the sign of cystic renal carcinoma.

层螺旋CT平扫与增强扫描及冠、矢状位后重建处理，能充分显示囊性肾癌的征象，提高诊断准确率。

End diastolic velocity of renal artery was 21.54 ± 6.83, 22.46 ± 5.33, 16.46 ± 3.82, 13.02 ± 7.33, 12.15 ± 4.00 and 10.20 ± 2.64 cm/s respectively and EDV of intra-renal arteries was 17.55 ± 5.02, 17.77 ± 5.20, 14.04 ± 2.32, 12.06 ± 3.00, 11.12 ± 3.17 and 9.85 ± 2.85 cm/s respectively.

梗阻后舒张末血流速度的下降较PSV明显得多。4个不同梗阻时间点肾动脉的EDV分别为16.46±3.82、13.02±7.00、12.15±4.00、10.20±2.64cm/s。

We conclude the experiences of diagnosis and management for patients with ARDS complicated of kidney transplantation.

本文总结肾移植后发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征的诊断和救治经验。

Effect of tubular epithelial cells activated by aristolochic acid on renal interstitial fibroblasts in coculture system.

通过共培养观察被马兜铃酸活化后的肾小管上皮细胞对成纤维细胞的作用。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。