后牙

Methods 40 selected patients treated with fixed appliance were randomly divided into two groups （n=20 each）, the fluoride mouth rinse test group and the placebo control group.The number of decalcified teeth and the severity of enamel decalcification were evaluated and compared after three months and after six months.

从正在接受固定正畸治疗的恒牙列患者中随机选择40例上前牙明确诊断为釉质脱矿的患者，随机分配到试验组和对照组，每组各20例，分别比较3个月后及6个月后牙釉质脱矿程度的变化。

One was the experimental group, in which we implanted iodoform gelatin sponge into alveolar nest,cotton bale staying for 30 min;the other was contrast group,in which we did not implant anything into alveolar nest,only cotton bale staying for 30 min.

一组为实验组，即牙拔除后牙槽窝内植入碘仿明胶海绵，咬棉球 30 min；另一组为对照组，即牙拔除后牙槽窝内不放置任何填充物，只咬棉球 30 m in。

Results: Among the 47 cases, 33 cases were teeth pulpless tissue including 14 endodentically treated teeth and 14 cases were vital teeth with periodontitis, cracked tooth and occlusal traumatism.

结果：牙冠纵折多见后牙，以上颌第一磨牙为多见，其中无髓牙33例，牙折裂前有近一半曾作过根管治疗，活髓牙14例，存在不同程度的牙隐裂，牙周炎和咬合创伤。

The using of cephalogram is limited because of the structure overlapping of the skull, jaw and teeth, for example the overlapping of the right side teeth and the left side make it difficult to distinguish the landmarks of posterior teeth.

颅颌骨牙齿之间影像的重叠使头颅定位x线片的应用受到了限制，比如牙列的重叠使后牙区的标志点难以辨认，所以对牙列的研究要借助牙〓模型。

Flowable resin composites is ideal material in restorations of posterior teeth diseases.

在后牙牙合面修复夹层技术中应用流动性复合树脂，能显著提高后牙复合树脂修复的成功率，是后牙修复洞衬的理想材料。

Upper central incisors moved forward and downward together with maxillary, at the same time they upright in the sagittal plane and tip mesially. 3 The occlusion plane rotated clockwise for about 1.5°. 4 The width increasement effect of RME comes from approximately the equal amounts of skeletal and dental expansion. The mode of dental movement was a combination of body and tipping movements of posterior teeth.

结果：1后牙在宽度方向上为整体移动和倾斜移动相结合的移动方式，但第一磨牙和第一双尖牙稍有差别；牙齿和骨对宽度增加的贡献各占约1/2；2后牙在垂直方向有伸长的趋势；3第一磨牙和第一双尖牙均向前整体移动，轴倾度保持不变；4中切牙整体随上颌骨前部向前向下移动，其牙长轴发生直立，轴倾度增加；5上颌平面发生顺时针旋转。

Firstly, we performed pulpotomy for posterior teeth and pulpectomy for anterior teeth. And the experiments were divided into four groups. In the first group, nothing was put in the pulp chamber or canals. In the second group, deciduous dental pulp stem cells of mini-pig with cultured medium were transplanted into the pulp chamber and pulp canals. In the third group, deciduous dental pulp stem cells of mini-pig with lovastatin were transplanted. In the fourth group, deciduous dental pulp stem cells of mini-pig with odontoblast induction medium were transplanted.

在动物实验中，我们将迷你猪乳牙的前牙作拔髓，后牙做断髓处理，各分成四组做实验，第一组不放任何细胞、第二组加入迷你猪乳牙牙髓干细胞和培养液、第三组加入迷你猪乳牙牙髓干细胞和lovastatin，第四组加入迷你猪乳牙牙髓干细胞和odontoblast induction medium，观察三个月后，以探讨其牙齿组织是否会再生。

The database was composed of 18 dental treatments from January 1988 to December 2004. The 18 dental treatments included in this study as following: Amalgam fillings (single-, double-, and triple-surface), composite resin fillings of anterior teeth (single- and double-surface), composite resin fillings of posterior teeth (single-, double-, and triple-surface), glassionomer fillings, endodontic treatment (single-, double-, and triple-root), pulpectomy, full mouth scaling, simple tooth extraction, complicated tooth extraction, simple odontodectomy, complicated odontodectomy.

本研究以牙医十八项医疗项目为对象，资料来自中华民国牙医全联会所提供之健保申报资料档，共包含银粉填充、前牙复合树脂、后牙复合树脂、玻璃离子体填充、恒牙根管治疗、乳牙根管治疗、牙结石清除、简单性拔牙、复杂性拔牙、单纯齿切除术、复杂齿切除术等十八项。

Objective To evaluate clinical effect of the handling ProTaper Nickel-titanium rotary instruments in preparation of canals of posterior teeth.Methods 96teeth with pulpitis or periapical periodontitis were instrumented by handling ProTaper rotary instruments using step-down technique,and by K files using step-back technique for control.All teeth were obturated with lateral condensation methods.The efficiency of preparation was analyzed with ra-diographs before and after operation.

目的 评价手用ProTaper预备后牙根管的临床效果方法选取患有牙髓炎和根尖周炎的后牙96例，随机分成试验组和对照组各48例，试验组用手用ProTaper 锥度镍钛旋转器械逐步伸入法预备根管，对照组用K锉，逐步后退法预备根管，两组均用侧向加压充填法充填根管，根据治疗后的X线片，评价后牙根管预备效果。

objective to evaluate clinical effect of the handling protaper nickel-titanium rotary instruments in preparation of canals of posterior teeth.methods 96teeth with pulpitis or periapical periodontitis were instrumented by handling protaper rotary instruments using step-down technique,and by k files using step-back technique for control.all teeth were obturated with lateral condensation methods.the efficiency of preparation was analyzed with ra-diographs before and after operation.results no transportation,apical blockage and ledge were found in test.the technique could keep canals smooth.there were two ledge,one instrument fracture and nine transportation in control.the operative time was shorter and post treatment pain seldom occurred in handling protaper group.conclusion the handling protaper niti rotary instruments can prepare the canals effectively and safety.after the preparation,the canals could be easily washed,sterilized and filled.it is an efficient instrumentation method for posterior teeth's canals and be used widely.

目的 评价手用protaper预备后牙根管的临床效果。方法选取患有牙髓炎和根尖周炎的后牙96例，随机分成试验组和对照组各48例，试验组用手用protaper多锥度镍钛旋转器械逐步伸入法预备根管，对照组用k锉，逐步后退法预备根管，两组均用侧向加压充填法充填根管，根据治疗前后的x线片，评价后牙根管预备效果。结果试验组无根管偏移、根尖阻塞、台阶，且根管壁平滑流畅，无器械折断等并发症发生。对照组有2例台阶形成，器械折断1例，根管偏移9例。试验组操作时间短且术后疼痛轻微。结论应用手用protaper预备后牙根管快速、安全，成形效果好，易于根管冲洗消毒及填充，可视为临床上预备后牙根管的有效方法。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷