同盟

The author holds that the rooted cause of the forming of League of Armed Neutrality is the contradictions of strategic interests between Russia and Britain in the late half of the 18th century; the forming of League of Armed Neutrality has many advantageous condiions and favorable international environment; League of Armed Neutrality further improves the international status of Russia and exerts important influence on the development of contemporary international relations.

文章认为1780年武装中立同盟形成的根本原因是十八世纪下半叶俄国与英国之间存在战略利益的矛盾；武装中立同盟的形成具有诸多有利条件及良好的国际环境；武装中立同盟使俄国国际地位进一步提高，也对近代国际关系的发展产生了重要影响，其政治意义远大于其经济意义。

The countries of the Union undertake to prohibit the unauthorized use in trade of the State armorial bearings of the other countries of the Union, when the use is of such a nature as to be misleading as to the origin of the goods.

未经批准即在商业中使用本同盟其他成员国的纹章，从而会引起对商品的原产地发生误解时，本同盟成员国应负责禁止使用。

Points total Kazan and Astrakhan Riurik Hanseatic League Vasily Shuisky Forbidden Year Soul Tax Fall of Constantinople Schism Dmitri Donskoi Great Horde Essay Questions Answer three of the following.

评估其历史前后的脉络与在俄罗斯历史中的重要性(占24分)喀山与阿斯特拉罕留里克家族汉萨同盟注：汉萨同盟是11世纪由波罗的海和北海的沿岸城市发起组成的一个自由而松散的商业联盟。

The economy of the whole Italic federation, whose territory now extended from Tuscany (through Piza-Pistoia-Fiesole-Rimini, but excluding the upper course of the Arno) to southern-most Calabria, was strengthened by the construction of the first important inland road, the Via Appia, running from Rome to Capua and Benevento (312-268 BC), as well as the development of the fleet and marine transport.

整个意大利同盟的领土从托斯卡纳区（通过披萨－披斯朵亚－费索里－里迷尼，但不包括亚罗河的上游）到南部卡拉布里亚区大部分。得益于从罗马到卡普阿和贝尼文托的第一条重要的内陆公路的建设以及舰队和船舶运输的发展，同盟的的经济得到加强。

A wanted criminal Madine had no choice but to join the Rebel, He then rediscovered his old friend Carlist Rieekan, Based on Rieekan's recommendation, Madine was accepted by Mon Mothma despite his past affiliations.

觉得可耻的马汀没有选择的馀地只好加入了叛军，并发现了老朋友卡利斯˙瑞肯也在同盟之中，而瑞肯则向同盟的最高首领蒙˙莫玛斯极力的推荐马汀，蒙˙莫斯玛精明且快速的赞成了这项提议。

It describes Hanseatic League's formation and prosperity, including the definition of the League, organizational structure, etc., and presumes that the powerful League is the resorts of its merchants entering into England and engaging in commercial activities. On the other hand, in England, during 13 to 15 century, because of the burden of "the Hundred Years War", the force of state had weakening; the level of economy seems relative low, which give Hanseatic merchants a huge space to engaged in commercial activities in England.

叙述汉萨同盟的形成和繁荣情况，包括同盟的定义、组织结构、分布范围，认为汉萨同盟的强大是其商人能进入英国从事商业活动的力量凭靠；而13至15世纪的英国，由于"百年战争"，英国的国家力量出现弱化，而经济在横向对比中又显得相对落后，这就为汉萨商人提供了从事商业活动的巨大空间。

Hanseatic League was one of the important business alliances in the economic history of medieval Western Europe. In order to achieve the maximum economic benefits, the merchants of the league launched extensive activities in the western and northern Europe. And England, as the economic lags behind in the course from the Middle Ages to the modern times, had to struggle against or to compromise with Hanseatic League when it encountered the League.

汉萨同盟是西欧中世纪经济史上重要的商业同盟之一，他们为了实现经济利益的最大化，在西北欧地区广泛的展开活动；而英国作为从中世纪的经济落后者成长为世界近代化的领跑者，在同汉萨同盟的交往过程中充满了妥协与斗争。

The interest federation have so strong psychological sanction and criterion functions, and decide the motive to seek maximal interests, form the bribery subcultural circumstance, lead the members' behavior become more suggestive and tame, decrease the crime's cognitive level, which made the interest federation more long and steady.

而这种利益同盟对投标人和招标人等主体的心理约束和规范功能非常强，追求最大化目标利益的动机，从众和群体压力功能造成腐败亚文化环境和成员间行为的相互暗示与顺从，责任分散功能则降低了同盟内成员的犯罪感认知，最终使利益同盟得以长久稳定地存在。

Indeed, the Peloponnesian War features everything one finds in modern international relations theory and practice:"international anarchy," the condition in which political entities exist in a state of nature with one another; attempts by these poleis to improve their security by means of alliances or war; weak allies who drag stronger allies into war, balance of power considerations; and "security dilemmas" brought about by a lack of trust among the actors.

确实，伯罗奔你撒战争反映了我们现代国际关系的理论和实践的所有内容：&国际无政府状态&，一种政治实体之间的自然存在状态；城邦试图以同盟或战争的形式增强安全；出于势力均衡的考虑，弱同盟把比它强大的同盟拖入战争；行为者之间信任的缺乏导致的&安全两难&。

It describes Hanseatic League's formation and prosperity, including the definition of the League, organizational structure, etc., and presumes that the powerful League is the resorts of its merchants entering into England and engaging in commercial activities. On the other hand, in England, during 13 to 15 century, because of the burden of "the Hundred Years War", the force of state had weakening; the level of economy seems relative low, which give Hanseatic merchants a huge space to engaged in commercial activities in England.

叙述汉萨同盟的形成和繁荣情况，包括同盟的定义、组织结构、分布范围，认为汉萨同盟的强大是其商人能进入英国从事商业活动的力量凭靠；而13至15世纪的英国，由于&百年战争&，英国的国家力量出现弱化，而经济在横向对比中又显得相对落后，这就为汉萨商人提供了从事商业活动的巨大空间。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。