同时期的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The results showed that POD activity increased at first and then decreased in the skin and flesh of root. The peak occurred at 40 d and 60 d in the skin and flesh, respectively. POD activity in the skin was higher than that in the flesh at 30 d and then contrary results were observed. The higher POD activity was, the more POD isoenzyme was. The pattern of POD isoenzymes was different between skin and flesh at different vegetative growth stages. POD isoenzymes in the skin were composed of five monomers and four dimers while five dimers or two monomers, two dimers and one tetramer in the flesh. POD isoenzymes in the root were mainly acidic. POD localized mainly in the cell walls of periderm, cambium, xylem ray, xylem vessels and primary xylem.

结果显示，心里美萝卜营养生长期肉质根的皮和肉中POD活性均先升高后降低，分别在播种后第40 d和60 d出现峰值，30 d时皮中POD活性高于肉，之后则相反，酶活性最高时同工酶数目也最多，不同时期，皮和肉中同工酶种类不同；皮中POD同工酶由5个单体和4个二聚体组成，而肉中由5个二聚体或2个单体、2个二聚体和1个四聚体组成，均以酸性同工酶为主；组化定位显示POD主要分布在肉质根的周皮、形成层、木射线、木质部导管和肉的初生木质部等的细胞壁附近。

Thereby,he found a correctpath of the solution to the principal contradictions,i.e.through establishment andimplementation of the basic line of"one center and two basic points",under thepremise of adherence to the basic socialist system,we should reform fundamentallyvarious specific systems such as highly-concentrated stiff economy and politics.

在新的历史时期，邓小平总结国内外在社会主义社会主要矛盾问题上的经验教训，把马克思主义的基本原理同我国的具体实际和时代特征相结合，通过对社会基本矛盾的分析和研究，确立了人民日益增长的物质文化需要与落后的社会生产之间的矛盾是我国社会主要矛盾的思想，并由此找到了解决主要矛盾的正确途径，即通过制定和实施党的"一个中心、两个基本点"的基本路线，在坚持社会主义基本制度的前提下，从根本上改革高度集中僵化的经济、政治等各种具体体制。

This dissertation aims to make double reconnaissance concerning about social thought and historiography, propounding a new view for historiography study during this peiord, being thence constructive to deepening understanding of contents and trajectory of historicai studies's evloution.

晚清社会思潮同晚清史学之间存在十分密切的关系，一方面社会思潮对史学具有巨大的推动作用，另一方面史学又是反映社会思潮发展、演变的重要载体。本课题将晚清社会思潮与史学作双向考察，为这一时期的史学研究提供新的视角，从而有利千深化对史学演进的内容和轨迹的认识。

The principal ideas behind this theory are: the monotheistic religion of Akhenaten being a possible predecessor to Moses' monotheism, and a contemporaneous collection of "Amarna Letters" written by nobles to Akhenaten (Amarna was Akhenaten's capital city) which describe raiding bands of "Habiru" attacking the Egyptian territories in Mesopotamia.

这个理论背后的主要想法就是：阿肯纳顿的一神论宗教很可能是摩西的一神论的前身，同时期收藏的&阿玛尔纳书信&是一位贵族写给阿肯纳顿的书信（阿玛尔纳是阿肯纳顿建立的首都城市），信上说一群&哈比鲁&的袭击队伍在袭击埃及在美索不达米亚的领土。

The different styles to worship God and Goddess in the Mazu Temples are interpreted to satisfy the desire of adorers. To know how inhabitants has cultivated and interacted with the settlements by tackling the origin, established site and time of Mazu Temples in Tainan. Especially on recent years, the belief in Mazu is transforming under the great changes on economy, society and culture. So there is a argument on the successive changes of orthodox Lu-erth-men Holy Mother Templeand the phenomenon to compete for which is the oldest Mazu Temple in Taiwan.

从妈祖庙配祀神与同祀神的供奉，可看出不同时期的信徒需求，也了解到作为一个结合神明与信徒之间关系的妈祖庙，具有沟通整合的多元弁遄F从妈祖庙创立的位置、时间及分香来源，可得到妈祖信仰与聚落开发的关系；随著经济、社会、文化的变迁，衍生出鹿耳门古庙「正统之争」及「开基」、「开台」的现象，可知悉近年来信徒为宣扬妈祖的灵验及争取正统地位，努力经营下的成果。

Luxun's composition carried his point of self-introspect, decompression and personality sublimation. Furthermore, it reasoned the cause and feature of his self-reflection and considered that it was the combination of the basic law culture-composition, the personal temperament and his composition purpose to write for truth. So comparing to other writers such as the Creating-corporation, Luxun's consciousness of self-reflection has more embracers and will be vivid for a long time.

在此基础上，本文对鲁迅自我剖析意识的成因和特色进行了具体分析，认为其自剖意识是文学创作基本规律的具体表现和鲁迅个人独特精神气质、生活经历以及求真求实的文学创作观相结合的产物，与同时期创造社等作家的自我剖析作品相比，具有更为广泛的接受层面和更为长久的生命力。

Gucci (in 1921, Italy) recent years\' Gucci wielded nimbly the brand classics\' element arrives the acme, in piece of logo wind full outstanding, liked expending logo the Taiwan to have 70% sales commodity to have logo to add the body, this sold the travel bag, harness leather product brand most early primarily, in 1947 had the bamboo node handle bamboo node package to be published, the same time had GG logo from the foundation member Guccio Gucci name, in 1952 had the Moccasins shoes which the horse recompensed, in 1966 designed the flowers and plants design silk handkerchief for Moroccan Princess Ge Lisi Kelly, all was classics, until now sees here and there in the Gucci new productIn the detail, in 1990 designer Tom Ford joined, was the Gucci female attire pours into the brand-new spirit.

近年的 Gucci 把品牌经典的元素灵活挥洒到极致，在一片 logo 风中十足抢眼，喜好消费 logo 的台湾更有 7 成销售商品都有 logo 加身，这个最早以贩售旅行袋、马具为主的皮革制品品牌， 1947 年有竹节提把的竹节包问世，同时期从创办人 Guccio Gucci 的名字而有 GG logo ， 1952 年有马衔环的 Moccasins 鞋， 1966 年又为摩洛哥王妃葛丽丝凯莉设计花卉图案丝巾，无一不是经典，至今散见於 Gucci 新品的细节中， 1990 年设计师 Tom Ford 加入则为 Gucci 女装注入全新的精神。

The Russian economy Transition has deeply influence to Russias economical growth and development, it has Important theoretical value and Practical Significance to research its Actual results and Dynamic Change.

俄罗斯经济的转轨对俄的经济增长和发展都有深远的影响，对其转轨的实际效果和动态变化进行研究具有重要的理论价值和现实意义，它的经验教训对同处于由计划经济向市场经济转轨时期的国家也具有重大的借鉴意义。

On the course, people understand the Socialist more and more as the development of practice. All recognitions having limitation and character of times , if the practice come on.

这个过程说明，人们对社会主义的认识，也同对任何事物的认识一样，是随着实践的发展而逐步深入的，任何一个时期的认识都有时代的特色和局限性，只要社会主义实践不终止，人们对社会主义的认识就会继续发展。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失