同属

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), Myzus persicae, is one of the most economically important pests that result in decreasing of yield and quality of crops of agricultural and horticultural crops throughout the world.

桃蚜属同翅目，蚜科，瘤蚜属，是世界上分布最广、危害最大的蚜虫类害虫之一。

A revision of the taxonomic status of two genera, Sportaphis Zhang and Polygonaphis Zhang Homoptera: Aphididae, Macrosiphinae

蚜科长管蚜亚科戏蚜属和蓼蚜属的分类地位订正同翅目：蚜科，长管蚜亚科

Configuration feature: Constant green small tree, gao Keda 8m, bark brown gray, crack, branch is arranged loose, ramose from bottom to top gradually short, establish body tower look, big branch up or bend downward slightly, rod is long and straight, up extend, 4 arris form, close top shows a circle, it is scale leaf completely, scale leaf hands in each other opposite on rod, clingy rod, see 3 impeller are unripe occasionally, scale leaf grows 1.5-3.5mm, pointed or tip acute is blunt, small incurvate, without candle pink, have gland system, gland body is elliptic, be located in a leaf back radical ministry, individual plant of different of male and female, rare with individual plant.

科 属：柏科。圆柏属。形态特征：常绿小乔木，高可达8m，树皮褐灰色，条裂，枝条排列疏松，分枝自下而上渐短，树体塔形，大枝向上或略向下弯曲，小枝长而直，向上伸展，四棱形，近顶端呈圆形，全为鳞叶，鳞叶在小枝上交互对生，紧贴小枝，偶见三叶轮生，鳞叶长1.5-3.5mm，先端锐尖或钝，微内曲，无蜡粉，有腺体，腺体椭圆形，位于叶背基部，雌雄异株，稀同株。

Lac insects are one kind of resource insects with great economic value, which belong to order Homoptera, superfamily Cocoidea, family Lacciferidae, genus Kerria.

紫胶虫是一种具有重要经济价值的资源昆虫，属同翅目Homoptera，蚧总科Cocoidea，胶蚧科Lacciferidae，胶蚧属Kerria，主要分布于印度、泰国、缅甸、中国、老挝、孟加拉国、巴基斯坦、越南等国热带和亚热带地区。

In the nucleotide of intron there is 0%-1.22% difference among these muntjac deers, and the divergene reached about 1.83% between E. cephalophus and the three species of Muntiacus. Using the software of MEGA to analyse molecular phylogeny, Phylogenetic trees were constructed with neighbor-joining method and maximum parsimony method.

由NJ法和最大简约法构建的进化树表明黑麂与赤麂亲缘关系较近，小麂与他们同为一属但关系较远，而毛冠鹿与它们之间的分化程度已达到属间水平。

Furthermore, Ptychidio distinctly differed in osteological characters from other genera of Labeoninae, so it wasn't chosen as taxon of ingroup in phylogeny of Labeoninae. And Ptychidio's phylogenetic status can be ascertained only if more taxons of Cyprinidae be chosen and phylogeny of Cyprininae be solved in further research and molecular research.

此外，在特征分析时发现，卷口鱼属同野鲮亚科其它属的骨骼特征相差甚远，所以在分支系统学分析时没有被选择，有关其分类地位的确立，有待于今后在鲤科分支系统学研究中和分子生物学资料的研究中解决。

In this study, the cDNA fragments of G-L intergenic region and polymerase activity module in L gene of two street rabies virus were cloned and sequenced. The nucleotides sequence of these cDNA fragments mentioned above and their deduced amino acid sequence were compared with that of rabies virus strains, rabies-related virus strains and other Rliabdoviridae published previously. The result show that the homology of nucleotide sequence of G-L IGR among MRV, DRV is 83.3%, compared with other rabies-related virus strains, the homology of G-L IGR is between 58.3%-91.7%. the length of G-L IGR of rabies virus is different in Rhabdoviridae.

本实验对狂犬病病毒野毒株MRV、DRV的G-L间隔区以及L基因聚合酶活性部位进行了克隆和测序，将所测定的结果和推定的氨基酸序列与国内外公开发表的狂犬病病毒其它固定毒株、野毒株和同科不同属的病毒的相应部分进行了分析比较，结果表明MRV、DRV G-L IGR核苷酸序列的同源性为83.3％，与其它毒株的同源性在58.3％～91.7％之间；狂犬病毒G-L间隔区序列的长度在弹状病毒科不同病毒属之间有所不同。

The basalt is belong island arc tholeiite and series of the calc-alkaline,and have character of island arc in rare earth element and trace element.

玄武岩属岛弧拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性系列，属太平洋型钠质类型，稀土、微量元素显示具岛弧特征，大地构造位置为岛弧中心靠近大洋一侧，与南侧那拉提晚泥盆—早石炭世侵入岩共同组成火山弧，同为古亚洲洋向北俯冲的产物。

The members of the same genus and family were grouped together. The polyogenetic relationships of 8 families were Pyrgomorphidae →Chrotogonidae→Pamphagidae→Oedipodidae→Acrididae→Arcypteridae→Gomphoceridae→Cantantopidae.Pygomorphidae had closer relationships with Chrotogonidae as well as being the most ancestral group. Arcypteridae and Gomphoceridae were the sister groups and had closer relationships with most evolutionary Catantopidae. Tridactylidae was divided firstly as a suborder,which differs from the recent taxonomy distinctly. Haglidae and Gryllidae were grouped into suborder Ensifera, Tetrigidae and 8 families of Acridoidea were grouped into suborder Caelifera, as same as recent taxonomy.

分子系统树表明：科内的属和属内的种均优先聚在一起；蝗总科8科的起源关系为：锥头蝗科→瘤锥蝗科→癞蝗科→斑翅蝗科→剑角蝗科→网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科→斑腿蝗科；锥头蝗科与瘤锥蝗科关系较近，是蝗总科内最原始的类群；槌角蝗科和网翅蝗科互为姐妹群，与最进化的斑腿蝗科关系较近；蚤蝼科为独立的一支，最先分出，似为一个亚目，与现用的分类系统有明显差别；哈螽科和蟋蟀科聚在一起为剑瓣亚目，蚱科和蝗总科的8科组成短瓣亚目，同现用的分类系统。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失