同属

A study on the genus Cerataphis Lichtenstein from China with the description of one new species (Homoptera: Hormaphididae).

25乔格侠，张广学 2001 中国侧棘斑蚜属分亚属研究及五新纪录亚属（同翅目：蚜科：角斑蚜亚科）动物分类学报，26（4）：522-527

Of which 7 were right isomerism and 1 was left isomerism.

其中7例属右同形位，1例属左同形位。

With the 39 species nrDNA ITS sequence from Genbank and by using nrDNA ITS sequence information of our study 31 species, a phylogenetic analysis was carried out on 70 species of Paphiopedilum, and then the results have been analyzed with the results from RAPD molecular marker of 30 species, indicated that, we supported Kirasawa's system proposed in 1982 on Paphiopedilum that this genus can be divided into six subgenera.

基于 ITS 序列的数据对兜兰属70个种的研究，结合 RAPD 对于中国兜兰30个种的研究结果进行分析，支持唐沢耕司（1982）所提出的将兜兰属分为6个亚属的观点，其中产于中国的兜兰属植物可以划分为5个亚属；认为巧花兜兰不能并入海伦兜兰中，最多可以作为其变种处理，或者独立成种，隶属于兜兰亚属的 Paphiopedilum 兜兰组；不支持将文山兜兰并入巨瓣兜兰或者同色兜兰中，可以作为是其变种处理，隶属于 Concoloria 组。

Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (GlovcrXHemiptera:Aphididae) is one of the most important pests to various plants,and also an efficient vector of several plant viruses.

棉蚜属同翅目蚜科蚜属，世界各地均有分布，属古北、东洋、澳洲、非洲、新北、新热带6大区系共有种。

The phylogeny of the genus Machilus was analysed by means of Bayesian Inference of nrDNA ITS sequences . Our results indicated that Machilus is a monophyletic clade within the Persea group, and its persistent and spreading to reflexed tepals on fruit are an important character for its generic delimitation against the related genera Phoebe, Alseodaphne and Persea .

应用nrDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer 序列，使用Bayesian 分析法对樟科润楠属的系统学问题进行了初步探讨，结果表明润楠属在鳄梨属群中本身作为一独立分支，是一个自然的单系类群；由于其花被裂片果期宿存且强烈反转与同产自亚洲的楠属和油丹属存在清晰界线。

This paper made detailed studies through karyotype analysis and allozyme analysis on the materials which including 9 species of the genus Lycoris and different populations of Lycoris radiata Herb..

本研究以石蒜属9种植物以及石蒜的16个居群植物为研究材料，通过核型和同工酶研究和分析手段，对石蒜属植物种间和石蒜居群间进行了详细研究；进一步揭示了石蒜属种间以及石蒜不同居群之间的差异；为探讨石蒜属植物的系统关系和资源进一步开发利用提供基础资料。

The average percent value of G C (49.3%) was less than that of A T (50.7%), there was a bias of the content of G, T in the third codon; The number of transition G-A and T-C were 22, 15 respectively, which were higher than that of transition A-G and C-T, the number of tranversion C-A, T-G is 2 respectively, and other tranversion patterns didnt occur; the probability of transition was higher than that of tranversion , Ts/Tv = 9.5-19, there was the highest number of transition in the third codon. The gamma parameter a of the lst,nd and 3rd codon positions were 0.00572,0.01237 and 1.05239 respectively, they showed that there was adifferent substitution rate at different codon position. Frequences of synonymous codon usage were relatively biased. The average rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution were 0.0787, 0.0011 respectively, there was a significant difference between dS and dN (Z = 4.713, p.01), and the low ratio( CD = 0.0284 .3) of dN/dS ratio impled that there were selective constraints against the nonsynonymous sites in cyt-b gene, The distribution of nonsynonymous codon substitution pattern related to Grantharm distance indicated that the purified selection at 2nd codon positions was more intensive than that at 1st codon positions. The phylogenetic trees supported the view of the double origin of Chinese goose, which means that domestic Chinese goose was derived from Anser cygnoides and domestic European goose, and Yili was derived from Anser anser.

碱基含量分析可知，序列的G C含量(49.3％)＜A T含量(50.7％)，密码子第三位点的G、T含量都有较强的偏倚性；序列间G→A和T→C的转换数(22次和15次)高于A→G和C→T的转换数(10次和9次)，C→A、T→G颠换数均为2次，其余颠换模式均未发生；转换数明显高于颠换数，Ts／Tv=9.5～19，密码子第三位点的转换数最高，呈现了相当强烈的转换偏倚性；密码子第一、二和三位点的gamma分布参数α值分别为0.00572、0.01237和1.05239，表明密码子第一位点的替换速率变异最大，第二位点次之，第三位点的替换速率变异相对较小；编码同一氨基酸的同义密码子并非随机使用，表现出一定程度的使用偏倚性；同义替换速率和非同义替换速率分别为0.0787和0.0011，dS与dN值间的差异极显著(Z=4.713，p＜0.01)，而ω=0.0284，明显小于0.3，表明雁属鹅细胞色素b基因序列经历了中度净化选择作用；单步非同义替换(Sing-step nonsymonymous codon substitution，SSNCS)分布模式与Grantharm距离之间的关系说明密码子的三个位点所受的净化选择强度不同；构建的最大简约树与邻接树拓扑结构一致，支持中国家鹅的双起源学说，即除伊犁鹅外的其它中国鹅品种起源于鸿雁，伊犁鹅和欧洲的郎德鹅、莱茵鹅起源于灰雁。

Sociolinguists are particularly interested in there types of speech variety, or dialects, namely, regional dialects, sociolects or social dialects, and functional speech varieties known as registers. The term dialect, as a technical term in linguistics, carries no value judgment and simply refers to a distinct form of language.

言语变体可以指一种不同的语言，如标准语，方言，洋泾浜等，可以指同一语言的地域性或民族性变体，如英语中的澳大利亚英语，黑人英语等，也可以指同属一种语言的功能性言语变体，如法律语体，正式语体等。

It comprises eight principal and 252 Smaller islands, stretching in a Chain of 650 km from the Small groups of islands around Tobi and Sonaorol north-east to the main island of Kayangel atoll, These islands form the extremity of the Caroline Islands only 16 islands of Palau are inhabited.

帕劳和密克罗尼西亚同属太平洋的加罗林群岛，它的主岛地处这一群岛的尽头。

One is to unearth more precious heritages and relics which can make Quemoy as the well-known academic focus, while the other is to transform Quemoy into the new life community of Quemoy-Amoy, which will be as important as Shanghai Economic District, with the global point of views based on academics.

成大表示，改变金门首先透过文化的力量，发掘珍贵的闽南文化资产，使金门成为世界知名的学术研究重镇。其次藉由学术的专业，以全方位的视野规划21世纪新金门的发展蓝图，促使新金厦生活圈成形，作为与上海经济特区同属西太平洋通往亚洲大陆的重要据点。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。