同基因的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Lividans. Using pIJ903 bearing tsr gene as a vector, the two furthermost fragments of the cluster, 4. 0kb and 1. 5kb in size respectively, were inserted into it. To facilitate the detection of gene replacement, apr gene was placed in the middle of the two inserts. OriT from E coli plasmid RK2 was also incoporated into the vector, therefore, pIJ903 derivatives can be mobilized from E.

在具有硫链丝菌素抗性基因的pIJ903的单—BamHI位点，同向插入了FR-008生物合成基因簇两个最远端的4.0kb和1.5kb片段，并在二者之间插入了可在链霉菌FR-008和变铅青链霉菌中表达的阿泊拉霉素抗性基因，同时也插入了有助于将质粒引入链霉菌的oriT片段，从而构建出了置换整个基因簇的基因置换质粒pHZ691。

Among the 39 SUT genes analyzed in plants, the SUT genes of rubber tree shared the highest homology in amino acid with the SUT genes of Manihot esculenta and Ricinus communis, which all belong to the same family of Euphorbiaceae.

在所分析的39种植物SUT基因中，HbSUT基因与同为大戟科的木薯、蓖麻和乳浆大戟SUT基因的同源性最高，反映这些基因的系统进化与物种进化的一致性。

Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogeny analysis revealed that the 6 HbSUT genes could be classified in three subgroups, which were respectively grouped into 3 SUT types of dicots.

在所分析的39种植物SUT基因中，HbSUT基因与同为大戟科的木薯、蓖麻和乳浆大戟SUT基因的同源性最高，反映这些基因的系统进化与物种进化的一致性。

Yang E,Korsmeyer SJ.Molecular thanatopsis:a discourse on the BCL-2 family and cell death.Blood,1996,88:386[3] Campos L,Rouanlt JP,Salido O,et al.High expression of BCL-2 protein in acute myeloid leukemia cells is associated with poor response to chemotherapy.

BCL-2是新一类癌基因——凋亡调控基因BCL-2家族的代表，其编码26kd的蛋白存在于线粒体、核膜及内质网，与同家族的其它成员组成不同比例的同、异二聚体而影响凋亡启动[6]。

Tube question grows which for the solution above standard, this research take mobile phone industry as a background, biological gene foreword generally unifies with the product tube, and the coordinate gene foreword compares to develops algorithm Basic local alignment search tool as well as transposed matrix Block substitution matrix the application, constructs the product gene tube system overhead construction, provides one same angle product tube way.

为解决上述色规范所衍生出的管问题，本研究以行动电话产业为背景，将生物基因序的概与产品管相结合，透过「产品特性」、「客户特性」、「订单特性」以及「色特性」等四大虚拟基因的定义，并配合基因序比对演算法 Basic local alignment search tool 以及置换矩阵 Block substitution matrix的应用，建产品基因管系统架构，提供一种同角的产品管方式。

Majority of acute leukemias in infant, either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloblastic leukemia, posses a chromosomal translocation affecting the 11q23 chromosome region which specifically inoles the mixed-lineage leukemia gene.1-3 Most pediatric leukemias with MLL rearrangement clearly hae a remarkably short latency.1,4 MLL gene rearrangement is also associated with secondary leukemias of patients preiously treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitors.4 The latency of these secondary leukemias is similarly ery short.4 Of note, the concordance rate of leukemia with MLL rearrangement in infant monozygotic twins approximates to 100%,1,4 and identical breakpoint in the MLL gene was shared in these pairs of identical twin infants with concordant ALL.1,4 Moreoer, the unique and clonotypic MLL fusion gene was detectable in neonatal blood spots for Guthrie cards from non-twined indiiduals who subsequently deeloped ALL.1,4 These obserations indicate not only that MLL fusion is generated in utero but also that MLL fusion proteins could be capable of inducing leukemic transformation with few, if any, secondary mutations.2,3,4 Greaes et al speculate that an MLL fusion protein somehow promotes rapid transition to full-blown disease in patients ia ery rapid clonal expansion, genetic instability, or inhibition of DNA damage repair.4 In general, for clonal expansion of malignancies, tumor cells often hae acquired strategies that escape immune sureillance of the hosts.5,6 Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-ersus-leukemia effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.7 Therefore, leukemia cells could acquire some immune escape mechanisms during leukemogenesis.

绪论 绝大多数的婴儿白血病，不管是急性淋巴性白血病或是急性骨髓性白血病，在染色体11q23部位有染色体易位的情况；这个部位的染色体易位牵连了混合谱系白血病基因。大多数具有MLL基因重排的儿童白血病潜伏期明显短很多。MLL基因重排也和经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂治疗后的继发性白血病有关。这些继发性白血病的潜伏期类似地都非常的短。很重要的是，单卵双胞胎婴儿同时患有或同时免于MLL基因重排阳性的白血病的一致性接近100%；并且同样患有ALL的同卵双胞胎的MLL基因的断裂点是一致的。而且，这种独特的克隆特异性的MLL融合基因能够从那些得ALL的非双生个体出生时的血斑标本中检测到。这些发现表明MLL融合基因产生在胎儿还在子宫的是后，而且MLL融合蛋白能过和其他的基因突变一起诱导白血病的产生。Greaes 等推测MLL融合蛋白在某种情况下同过快速克隆增殖，遗传的不稳定性或是DNA损伤修复的抑制促使疾病迅速地全面爆发。恶性肿瘤细胞的克隆增殖通常已经获得了逃避机体免疫监视的能力。免疫逃避机制也归因于异体外周血干细胞移植后移植物抗白血病作用的失效。所以，白血病细胞在白血病的产生过程中可能获得了某些免疫逃脱机制。

Levels of expression significantly increased after day 4 posttransplantation and persisted through the whole course of rejection, but levels of expression were obviously lower in the peripherial blood than those in portal vein blood. In contrast, the control group showed no expression of mRNA for perforin and granzyme B in portal vein and peripherial blood.

结果 急性排斥肝移植组术后3天门静脉和外周血中均有穿孔素和颗粒酶B基因mRNA表达，4天后表达明显增强，并贯穿整个排斥反应的全过程，但外周血表达的强度明显较门静脉血为弱，同基因对照组术后14天内无穿孔素和颗粒酶B基因表达。

Results The rejection group began to show the mRNA of perforin and granzyme B up-regulation on day 3 posttransplantation, when no histologic evidence of rejection was found. Levels of expression significantly increased after day 4 posttransplantation and persisted through the whole course of rejection, but levels of expression were obviously lower in the peripherial blood than those in portal vein blood. In contrast, the control group showed no expression of mRNA for perforin and granzyme B in portal vein and peripherial blood.

结果 急性排斥肝移植组术后3天门静脉和外周血中均有穿孔素和颗粒酶B基因mRNA表达，4天后表达明显增强，并贯穿整个排斥反应的全过程，但外周血表达的强度明显较门静脉血为弱，同基因对照组术后14天内无穿孔素和颗粒酶B基因表达。

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Chinese herbal medicine Antai Yangxue mixture on renal tubule epithelial cell apoptosis and Fas/FasL gene expression in rat allogenic transplanted kidney tissue, and to compare with syngeneic transplanted kidney rats.

目的：观察安胎养血合剂对异基因肾移植大鼠移植肾肾小管上皮细胞凋亡及Fas/FasL基因表达的影响，并与同基因肾移植大鼠进行对比。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。