合理性

The thesis will begin with the introduction of counterpart of English judicial review. According to the unscramble of counterpart prejudication in the history of Britain, I will abstract the logic category of "administrative discretion------the principle of reasonableness", and based on the logic category, I will point out that if want to justify the review of court on the administrative discretion such as "misuse of authority"and "apparently inequitable administrative punishment", we must induct the principle of reasonableness. And based on the material of concrete cases, I will analyze that there still are states of unreasonable execution of administrative discretion in the rest representations of unlawfulness in the 54th provision of our statute law of administrative litigation.

本文首先考察英国合理性审查原则的相关制度，通过解读英国历史上重要相关判例，提炼出"行政裁量权——合理性审查原则"这一逻辑规范范畴，并以此范畴为切入视角，指出，要在理论上正当化法院对"滥用职权"和"显失公正行政处罚"等行政裁量权的司法审查，必须引入合理性审查原则，并以具体案例为材料，通过分析得出，在《行政诉讼法》第54 条的其他违法表现形式中，都有行政裁量权不合理行使的情形存在，并指出，产生这种现象的原因是，《行政诉讼法》第54 条规定的七种违法表现形式采取的是不同的分类标准。

However, the practice of WTO Panels and the Appellate Body reveals that these rules and criteria are not consistently complied with and the formation thereof is hardly justified. The traditional principle that those who claim or defend bear the burden takes no account of substantial justice and may be readily abused in hearings. Moreover, the analysis of the disparity between exception and exclusion proves meaningless, the hierarchy of criteria seems irrational, and the legal ground for exception to distribution of burden of proof is under debate.

遗憾的是，专家组和上诉机构的实践表明，他们并没有严格遵守其形成的相关举证责任分配规则，其形成的相关标准也缺乏合理性：传统的谁主张谁举证原则由于忽视了实质公平，在WTO审理实践中容易被滥用；例外规定与排除规定之间存在区别的分析多此一举；重要性等级标准缺乏合理性及例外规定作为举证责任分配的标准既没有法律依据，其合理性也受到质疑。

However , the practice of WTO Panels and the Appellate Body reveals that these rules and criteria are not consistently complied with and the formation thereof is hardly justified. The traditional principle that those who claim or defend bear the burden takes no account of substantial justice and may be readily abused in hearings.

遗憾的是，专家组和上诉机构的实践表明，他们并没有严格遵守其形成的相关举证责任分配规则，其形成的相关标准也缺乏合理性：传统的谁主张谁举证原则由于忽视了实质公平，在WTO审理实践中容易被滥用；例外规定与排除规定之间存在区别的分析多此一举；重要性等级标准缺乏合理性及例外规定作为举证责任分配的标准既没有法律依据，其合理性也受到质疑。

This issue, based on the concepts of value rationality and instrumental rationality initiaed by Max Weber, analyzes the essentials of m odern society culture with references of the earliest fruits of the New Institut ional School. The author claims that the west culture, as the representation of modern society culture, does not necessarily disserve two sorts of rationality, while the hiding of generalized value rationality and the showing of the instrum ental rationality are combined to be the right esse...

从 马克斯·韦伯提出的价值合理性和目的工具合理性概念出发，结合制度经济学派研究的最新成果，分析了现代社会文化的实质，认为现代以西方为代表的文化并不具有割裂两种合理性的特质，相反普适性价值合理性隐藏与目的工具合理性的张扬的特殊统一方式构成现代社会文化的必然，所谓现代性危机是对此种隐藏的遗忘，并进而指出中国现代化进程中的真正文化危机是本土化的普适性价值合理性的缺位。

In the view of this paper, rationality is a point of appraising.

合理性问题是一个评价问题，合理性评价的前提是合理性的评价标准。

In the judicial sphere, the principle of rule of law decides the priority of formal rationality, that is, in the judicial process, when the substantive rationality of the case decision and the formal rationality of the law itself can both be achieved, the judicator should equally fulfill them; but when the substantive rationality and ormal rationality contradicts and excludes each ...

法治原则在司法领域必然意味着形式合理性的优先，即，在司法过程中，当个案处理结果的实质合理性与法律本身的形式合理性可以两全时，司法者应当而且必须兼顾这两种价值，在司法裁判中同时实现个案中的实质合理性与法律的形式合理性；然而，当实质合理性与形式合理性发生不可两全的矛盾而不得不有所牺牲时，司法裁判则应当以优先实现形式合理性为原则，以牺牲形式合理性为例外。

In the judicial sphere,the principle of rule of law decides the priority of formal rationality,that is,in the judicial process,when the substantive rationality of the case decision and the formal rationality of the law itself can both be achieved,the judicator should equally fulfill them;but when the substantive rationality and oral rationality contradicts and excludes each other,the judicator should principally take the formal rationality as priority and exceptionally sacrifice it.

法治原则在司法领域必然意味着形式合理性的优先，即，在司法过程中，当个案处理结果的实质合理性与法律本身的形式合理性可以两全时，司法者应当而且必须兼顾这两种价值，在司法裁判中同时实现个案中的实质合理性与法律的形式合理性；然而，当实质合理性与形式合理性发生不可两全的矛盾而不得不有所牺牲时，司法裁判则应当以优先实现形式合理性为原则，以牺牲形式合理性为例外。

More importance will be attached to the scientificalness of policy and the perfection of policy process and procedures in the development of our politics.

一、合理性与政策决定方法有关合理性问题，广大学者探讨已久，特别是欧洲启蒙时代的许多思想家们，试图把合理性解释为人的价值的普遍性。

Second, to replace the rationality that bereaves him by anther rationality, the result lies on the type of the object. Thirdly, he will persist in fighting while low cost. Fourth, eluding the rationality and validity by appealing to personal relation ,this means is influenced by the degree of familiarity. Finally, if the deprivation is rational without legality, except the first,second and fourth means, peasant will take law as a weapon sometimes, and the effect is attached with the balance between the law and tradition.

研究发现，纠纷中被合理且合法剥夺的农民，有四种应对策略可供选择：一是试图逃避合理性与合法性发挥作用的场域，但这要付出相当大的代价，因此并不常用；二是以其他的合理性来代替利益剥夺所依据的合理性，其效果受到不同层次的抗争对象影响；三是在违法的成本较小时采取对抗到底的策略；四是运用人情面子机制来消解利益剥夺的合理性、合法性，成功与否与对立双方关系的亲疏远近密切相关；如果是合理但非法的利益剥夺，这时除了第一、二和四种策略外，农民有时也会拿起法律武器，它的效果与法理之间的力量对比结果有关。

The legitimized procedures are bound to have their practical requirements of rationality.

得以合法化的诉讼程序势必有其合理性实践诉求，对此，本文结合诉讼程序两种实践模式——职权主义和当事人主义——所表征的两种合理性内涵，指明职权主义程序模式的工具合理性性质和当事人主义程序模式的规范合理性性质，并认为它们都是单向度体现了诉讼程序的合理性精神。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。