合成代谢

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors play an important role in adipocyte differentiation and fatty acid metabolism, activation of PPAR may induce the differentiation of adipocyte,influence the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation,eventually lessen ectopic fat accumulation and improve the impaired insulin signaling,so the medicine which targets to the control point of FFA metabolism would be hopeful in the treatment of a cluster of metabolic abnormalities resulted from insulin resistance.

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体在脂肪细胞分化、脂肪酸代谢中起重要作用，PPAR及其所调控基因的激活可促进脂肪细胞分化、减少脂质产生、增加脂肪酸氧化，从而减少脂质的异位沉积，进一步改善损伤的胰岛素信号转导通路，逆转胰岛素抵抗。针对脂肪酸合成及氧化的关键调控点的药物可能是今后治疗胰岛素抵抗引发的一系列代谢异常的新的靶点。关键词过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体；脂肪酸代谢；胰岛素抵抗

Fluorouracil is a kind of popular antimetabolic drug used in clinic. It has the similar structure with Uralic, which is necessary to the cancer cell. It contents with Uralic in the same enzyme system, block the metabolic link, impeds the synthesis of DNA, and then prohibits the propagation of the cancer cells .

5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)是一种在临床上已为人们所熟知的抗瘤谱广，有效率高的抗代谢药物，它的结构与肿瘤细胞代谢所必需的尿嘧啶相类似，在同一系统中互相竞争，阻断代谢环节，阻碍DNA的合成，从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。

The purpose of this research is trying to uncover the biosynthetic or metabolic relative protein of thuringiensis by proteomics.

苏云金素的合成和代谢途径的相关研究在国内外一直进展缓慢，本文拟从蛋白质组水平揭示与苏云金素合成或代谢相关的蛋白。

The metabolic flux balance model of L-Try synthesis by Corynebacterium glutamicum was constructed in this paper. Using this model, the metabolic flux distribution during the middle and late period were determined and the optimal flux distribution were calculated by linear program of MATLAB software.

建立了谷氨酸棒杆菌合成L 色氨酸的代谢流量平衡模型，应用该模型计算出发酵中后期的代谢流分布并通过MATLAB软件线性规划得到Try理想代谢流分布。

Glioma is still one of refractory disease in the neurosurgical field; the development of new primary and adjuvant treatment is vital. Recently, the gene therapy of glioma is developed rapidly and there are many methods about the gene therapy that include: suicide gene therapy, immunologic gene therapy, drug resistangce gene therapy, angiostatin gene therapy and so on. The sucide gene therapy is the most potential approach of antitumer, these nonmammalian genes encode enzyme that convert nontoxic prodrugs into highly toxic metablites. Cells transfected with suicide genes are targeted for specific negative selection, witch can be induced by administrtion of the corresponding produg. Among the enzyme/produg combinations, two of the best characterized system are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase /ganciclovir and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase /5-flourocytosine (5-FC). The formor can convert the antiviral nucleoside analogs acyclovir , ganciclovir to their nucleoside monophosphate derivatives, the monophosphate forms are subsequently phosphorylated by endogenus cellular kinases to triphosphates, these molecules are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

近年来脑胶质瘤的基因治疗发展迅速，应运而生的方法有自杀基因、免疫基因、多药耐药基因以及抗血管生成基因等，其中自杀基因被认为是最有前景的基因治疗方法，它又称病毒介导的酶／药物前体疗法，是利用转基因技术将哺乳动物细胞中所不含有的自杀基因转入到哺乳动物肿瘤细胞中，该基因表达的产物可将无毒的药物前体转化为毒性药物，从而选择性杀伤该肿瘤细胞，常用的自杀基因有单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶基因和大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因，前者催化无毒性抗病毒核苷类似物如丙氧鸟苷、无环鸟苷等成为单磷酸核苷衍生物，然后在内源性细胞激酶作用下转化为具有明显毒性的三磷酸核苷，作为DNA合成链的终止剂和DNA合成酶的抑制剂，干扰细胞DNA的合成；后者编码的胞嘧啶脱氨酶可催化5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）脱氨成为5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），然后代谢为有毒性的5-氟尿嘧啶-5′三磷酸（5-FUTP）和5-氟-2′脱氧尿嘧啶-5′磷酸（5-FdUTP），5-FUTP通过与UTP竞争性结合而抑制mRNA和tRNA的合成，5-FdUTP则作用于胸苷合成酶，导致TMP衰竭而阻止DNA的合成，最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

The metabolism of glucose and glutamine of rBHK cells were prone to energy production, and the utilization of them for biosynthesis decreased. On the other hand, rBHK increased the uptake of amino acids to compensate for the osmotically elevated external environment.

随着培养基渗透压的升高，细胞的葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺代谢明显增强，代谢过程更倾向于能量生产，用于生物合成途径的比例下降，同时更多的氨基酸用于胞内氨基酸池的积累，合成更多的胞内蛋白以弥补渗透压造成的影响。

The mature egg cell was an inactive cell with only a few polysomes. At the early zygote stage, a large number of ribosomal precursors were produced by the nucleolus, and many polysomes appeared in the cytoplasm, which suggests a high level of metabolism. Zygote at the dormancy stage had a small nucleolus and marked decrease in ribosomes, as shown by a few polysomes, which suggests decreased metabolism. Zygotes in the prophase of mitosis and two-celled proembryo became active again in metabolism, for a prominent nucleolus, high density of ribosomes and increased number of polysomes in the cytoplasm.

结果如下：在成熟卵细胞中多聚核糖体数量不多，且细胞代谢活性较弱；初期合子内，核仁大量合成核糖体前体物质，胞质中多聚核糖体数目众多，细胞代谢活性较强；休眠期合子的核仁变小，胞质中核糖体数量急剧减少，仅有少量多聚核糖体，细胞代谢活性较弱；合子分裂前期和二细胞原胚期，核仁显著，胞质中核糖体的密度增加，出现大量多聚核糖体，细胞代谢活性较强。

We found the relationship among starch metabolism, metabolisms of other components and gene expressing profiling due to the accumulation of sugar. Then, genes expression patterns of starch biosynthesis in leaves and developing endosperms of 5 maize inbreds were studied for the contribution of different genes to starch biosynthesis in endosperm.

为深入了解玉米淀粉合成的分子调控机理，本研究首先以B73、ae/wx和sh1授粉后15天的胚乳为材料，利用18K Affymetrix玉米基因组芯片平台，研究了突变体材料中基因表达谱的变化，发现了淀粉合成受阻后糖的积累对其它物质代谢和基因表达调控的影响；在此基础上，对可能参与淀粉合成的基因以多个自交系为材料，分析它们在叶片和胚乳发育过程中的表达模式，研究了不同成员对胚乳淀粉合成的贡献。

Determination of Tyrosine in Urine Spectrophotometric Method;2. For chemical pre-extraction, MSTFA/TMSL derivatization reaction, GC/MS analysis, it is confirmed that two main metabolites (19-no-randrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone) were found in nandrolone urine.

本文对合成的19-去甲雄烷醇酮的四个差向异构体混合物进行气相色谱分离，对诺龙和炔诺酮用药后，留取的人尿样通过化学预处理，MSTFA/TMSI衍生化反应，GC/MS分析，确证了尿样中诺龙的两个主要代谢产物为19-去甲雄酮和19-去甲原胆烷醇酮，炔诺酮的两个主要代谢物是四氢炔诺酮的两个形式，可能是3α-OH-5α-THINE和3α-OH-5β-THINE，在炔诺酮代谢前期，还发现有诺龙的上述两个代谢物存在。

The results implied that NO/ROS-induced ABA accumulation come from de novo synthesis pathway rather than degration of conjugated forms. The protein synthesis inhibitor actidone blocked the NO-induced ABA accumulation while having no effects on ROS-induced ABA accumulation, indicating that the action of NO was gene-expression dependent and that of ROS was gene-expression independent. These results suggested that NO may serve as a stress signal in the regulation of ABA-biosynthesis and ROS may serve as substrate in ABA biosynthesis or be involved in the regulation of enzyme activities.

1ABA合成抑制剂fluridone抑制ROS和NO诱导的ABA积累，表明NO／ROS诱导的ABA积累来源于ABA的从新合成而不是已有结合态ABA的代谢；(2)蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚胺可以抑制NO诱导的ABA积累而对ROS诱导的ABA积累没有影响，说明NO的作用涉及基因表达而ROS的作用与基因表达无关，暗示NO的作用方式可能是作为一种干旱胁迫信号物质参与ABA合成的调节，而ROS则可能参与了相关酶活性的调节或直接参与了ABA合成的底物反应。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失