合成

For thermodynamic and kinetic reasons, a relatively large number of materials can not be directively synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesistechnology. In addition, SHS process is generally difficult to effectively control. These limitations retard the further development of SHS technology. In this project, the imposition of an external electric field is utilized to activate self-sustaining reactions and to simultaneously control SHS process.

为了扩大自蔓延高温合成技术的合成材料范围，并实现对SHS过程的有效控制，本项目分别以反应热小和反应速率低的反应体系为对象，利用外加电场诱发了体系的自蔓延燃烧，合成了在普通SHS工艺下难以合成的材料；同时，将外加电场作为SHS技术中一个重要的工艺参数，同步实现了对SHS过程的柔性控制。

Electrosynthesis is a new method for preparation of αalanine. There is few reference about it, but electrosynthesis has a high selectivity and a high current efficiency. In addition, the operating condition is mild, and the reaction process is easy to be controlled.

有关电化学法合成α—丙氨酸的文献仅有两篇，虽然这方面的研究很不充分，但是电合成法避免了剧毒物质的使用，操作条件温和，通过选择电极材料、电极电位和电流密度等电化学参数，能够控制合成发应的进程，而且电合成可以具有很高的选择性和电流效率。

For example, the ion membrane chlorine alkali synthetic industry, adiponitrile electrosynthesis and indirect electro-oxidation synthetic vitamin K3 in the organic electrosynthetic industry, indirect electro-oxidation synthetic vitamin K3 all chosed plate and frame electrolyzer s.

板框式电化学反应器，由于具有结构紧凑、体积电流密度大、槽压低等优点，而被广泛应用于电化学工业中，例如，离子膜氯碱合成工业、有机电合成工业中的己二腈电合成、间接电氧化合成维生素K_3等均选用了板框式电化学反应器。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

In this review, the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides was introduced and the research progress on enzymes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis , such as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, was summarized in detail.

本文综述了人参皂苷的生物合成途径，并介绍了3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸CoA还原酶、牻牛儿基二磷酸合成酶、法尼基二磷酸合成酶等人参皂苷合成途径相关酶的研究进展。

The first part is to synthesize 5-formyl -8- quinolinol from 8-uinolinol and chloroform , using ethanol as a solvent. Then analysizing the 5-formyl-8-quinolinol by IR. The second part is , according to ideas of molecule designing, to synthesize the new self-assembly Inorganic-Organic coordination polymers Co(u2-bpyV2O6,(C4H4N2)Ni2(H2O)2-V4Ol2,(Cl2Hl2N2)Co-V2O6 using Cu, Ni, and Co as templating, 4-cyano-pyridine(4-CNPy), 4,4-bipyridine,pyrazine, l,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 5-formyl -8- quinolinol as building blocks and Ammonium Metavanadate (NH4VO3) as subordinate building blocks by Hydrothermal , analysizing their content of element determining their structures by X-Ray diffraction.

本课题实验分为两部分：一是配体的合成，以8-羟基喹啉、三氯甲烷为原料，以乙醇为溶剂，合成了5—甲醛基—8羟基喹啉并且对其进行了IR的分析测定；二是配位聚合物的合成，通过分子设计，采用溶剂热法以Cu、Ni、Co为中心离子，以5—甲醛基—8羟基喹啉、4，4-联吡啶、吡嗪、1，2-二吡啶基乙烷为配体，以偏钒酸根(VO_3~-)为辅助配体，通过水热法自组装合成了新的3-D网状结构配位聚合物Co(μ_2-bpy)V_2O_6，(C_4H_4N_2)Ni_2(H_2O)_2·V_4O_(12)，C_(12H_(12)N_2Co·V_2O_6，并对其进行了元素分析和晶体结构的测定。

The direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide using another basic catalyst, potassium methoxide in the presence of CH〓I as a promoter was investigated.

除了用甲醇于二氧化碳合成DMC以外，我们又对以甲醇与尿素为原料合成DMC的路线进行了尝试，筛选出了两个离子液体Et〓NHCl-FeCl〓和emimBr-ZnCl〓作为用甲醇与尿素为原料合成DMC的高效催化剂，研究了各种反应条件如原料的比例、催化剂的添加量、反应的温度等对反应的影响，得到了所报道的在间歇釜中经一步反应合成DMC的最高产率（27％和26％左右）。

Morgenstern proposed the composition games, the person sets of composed games were required no-connect in the study on composition games, which restricted the widely research on composition games.

Morgenstern提出合成对策问题之后，关于合成对策的研究一般都要求被合成的对策的局中人集合彼此不交，这样就限制了对合成对策问题的广泛研究。

Results (1) the laminin synthesis was significantly improved by PBMC from nontreatment group (P＜0.05);(2) the 3 H-prolin incorporation was significantl decrease in the GEC treated by PBMC supernatant from nontreatment group(P＜0.05);(3) the supernatant of PBMC from nontreatment group stimulated the collagen Ⅲ synthesis(P＜0.05), while, there was no significant difference of collagen Ⅳ synthesis between 4 groups;(4) the activity of PBMC supernatant have no close relation with urinary protein excretion, pathological type and clinical type.

结果 (1)肾病极期未经激素治疗组PBMC上清明显促进了GEC合成层粘连蛋白；(2)未治PBMC上清抑制了GEC合成总胶原；(3)未治组PBMC上清促进了Ⅲ型前胶原的合成，而对Ⅳ型胶原的合成无明显影响；(4)肾病患儿PBMC的上述作用与是否足量激素治疗有关，而与尿蛋白能否阴转、肾组织病理类型、肾病临床类型等无直线相关关系。

The idea is that: one ommateum can get object 3-D information in the space, not using two ommateum.

利用该合成规则，可以避免D一S合成规则和Yager合成规则不能很好解决的证据冲突时的合成。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！