合同的

The paper analyzes various views and reasons that if limitation is applicable to the claim of identification of invalid contract,and argues that the affirmance of contract invalidation should be restricted by limitation.The limitation should be started from the point of expiration date of the fulfillment of obligations and the limita...

通过对无效合同的确认是否适用诉讼时效的各种观点及理由的评析，认为无效合同的确认应受诉讼时效限制，无效合同确认的诉讼时效以合同义务履行期限届满之日起二年为准，无效合同所产生的请求权的诉讼时效分别从合同义务履行期限届满之日起二年内和合同被确认无效之日起二年内。

Contract Interpretation Principles THE PLAIN MEANING RULE (ALSO KNOWN AS PAROL EVIDENCE RULE)- When a contract is in writing that is not subject to conflicting meanings, a court will enforce the writing according to its plain meaning.

合同解释原理字面意义原理(亦称为PAROL 证据原理)-当一个合同是以书面形式存在而且不存在意思矛盾时，法庭将依据合同的字面意义使合同生效。

Should either of the parties of the contract be prevented from executing the contract by force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, and their happenings and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the presented party shall notify the other party by a written notice without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the contract.

该句子的英译文在表达原文内容上是没什么问题的，但是将句中的"解除合同"译成to terminate the contract有些不妥。因为，从法律意义上讲，to terminate the contract是指"终止合同"，而"终止合同"的法律行为，必须在出现了终止合同的法律事件后才能实行。按照《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定，"终止合同"的法定情形有七种（见《中华人民共和国合同法》第91条）。该条款主要说明的是，由于不可抗力事件'致使合同无法履行，这种事由不属于终止合同的条件，而属解除合同的条件。

Based on the current status of domestic invalidation of contract system, reference to the foreign regulations and foreign law and regulations on the invalidation of contract, and starting with the implications of law, the essay focuses o the following aspects: The first three aspects emphasize the analysis on the characters of three types of contracts, which will probably lead to the invalidation of contracts (including invalid contract, dischargeable contract and waiting for efficacy contract), the identification of the lawsuit prescription of invalid contract and the eliminating period of dischargeable contract.

本文拟立足于我国合同无效制度的现状，借鉴国外立法的有关合同无效的规定和法学理论，结合司法实践，从合同无效的法律内涵出发，着重论述以下四方面的内容：前三个方面是对可能引起合同无效后果的三类合同(无效合同，可撤销合同，效力待定合同)性质的分析，并阐述了无效合同的诉讼时效以及可撤销合同的除斥期间的认定等问题。首先是对于绝对无效合同和相对无效合同的区分，笔者认为应采用严格法定主义原则，进一步缩小绝对无效合同的范围，在一般情况下，损害国家、集体、社会公共利益，违反公序良俗，扰乱社会秩序的合同为绝对无效合同。

As the nature of COA is very similar to a consecutive single trip charterparty, reference is made to the provisions concerning such a charterparty or volume contract in English and American laws in the analysis of the relevant legal issues relating to COA. It also studies the latest provisions regarding "volume contract" in the UNCITRAL Draft Transport Law, especially those therein reflecting the freedom of contract and those mandatorily applicable to "volume contract" as well as the proposal submitted by Australia and France.

因包运合同性质在某种程度上与连续航次租船相似，所以在分析过程中，笔者借鉴了英美国家关于航次租船合同和包运合同的相关规定，同时分析了联合国国际贸易法委员会制定的《UNCITRAL货物运输法草案》内关于包运合同(该草案将包运合同称为&volume contract&，&总量合同&或&批量合同&)的相关规定所引发的相关思考以及澳大利亚、法国关于包运合同下合同自由问题的相关提案，来进一步讨论包运合同的相关法律问题。

Principle of changed circumstances pemit the parties amend or annul the contract when the changed circumstances which happened without responsibility of the parties rusult in the contract performance turning to excessive hard or unnecessary and the original performance going on would cause remarkable unjustice to one party during the period of contract performance.

所谓情事变更原则，是指合同在有效成立后、履行完毕前，因发生不可归责于当事人的事由而致使合同继续履行变得艰难或成为不必要，维持合同原有效力将导致双方当事人利益严重失衡，基于公平原则与诚信原则，允许当事人变更合同或解除合同的一项原则。

IN WITHNESS WHEREOF , this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written .

比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。

The results of research shows after executing the new Labor Contract Law, not only makes sure the setting procedure of the Collective Contract and emphasizes the efficacy of the Collective Contract and relationship with Labor Contract Law, but also firstly provides regulation for the regional and industrial Collective Contract and exclusively Collective Contract in Law. The regulation asserts and completes the Collective Contract system, and be more important consorting with relationship between employers and employees.

研究显示，新的劳动合同法实施后，不仅明确了集体合同的订立程序，强调集体合同的效力及其与劳动合同的关系，还首次在法律层面将区域性、行业性集体合同以及专项集体合同予以提出和规定，这对於集体合同制度的确立和完善，对於集体合同在协调劳动关系方面作用的更好发挥意义重大。

"A contract defective in some respect may be wholly void, in which case it has no legal effect at all, or be voidable, in which case it is valid and effective but contains a defect entitling one party to challenge it and have it set aside."

在某些方面有瑕疵的合同可以是完全无效的，在此情况下，合同自始就不具有法律效力；也有可能是可撤销的合同，这时合同是合法有效的。但它包含了一种使当事人有权就合同提出异议或撤销合同的瑕疵。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。