各向异性的

Chapter 9: We report a large quantity of numerical experiments of 13 different algebraic multigrid algorithms for solving the Poisson equation, anisotropic equation, equation with cross-derivative terms, general matrix problems with large off-diagonal positive entries, biharmonic equation, Toeplity matrix, elasticity systems, finite element discretization of the Laplacian and even 3D problems. Particular attention is focused on asymptotic convergence factors and CPU-time consumed. Numerical results for many different types of practical problems demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algebraic multigrid methods.

第九章：在各种代数多重网格算法的基础上，进行了大量的数值试验，具体给出了十三种不同的代数多重网格方法求解泊松方程，各向异性方程，带混合导数项的方程，带有大的非对角正元素的一般矩阵问题，重调和方程，托普利兹矩阵，弹性力学方程组，拉普拉斯算子的有限元离散，甚至三维问题的较为丰富的数值结果，重点关注它们的渐近收敛因子和所需的CPU时间，来源于不同类型问题的计算结果既为代数多重网格理论分析和算法的改进提供了很实用的资料，同时也证实了本文给出的代数多重网格算法的效绩和稳健性。

In chapter 1,we have reviewed the complicated phase diagram of vortex matterand briefly presented the structure of vortex line,pinning mechanism of vortex line,anisotropy caused by layered structure,and the possible configurations of vortexmatter.Based on these introductions,the dynamic behaviors of vortex and theassociated variable dissipation mechanisms have been discussed.

本论文的第一章从高温超导体混合态中复杂的涡旋物质相图出发，综述了涡旋线的结构、涡旋线的钉扎机制、层状结构表现出的各向异性、以及与此关联的各种可能存在的涡旋物质形态，并在此基础上叙述了涡旋的动力学行为和由此决定的各种能量损耗的机制。

Simply inferred the optical-rectification effect in the silicon, discovered the optical electric voltage aeolotropic rule through the experiment of observing the relation between the optical electric voltage and the light wave direction of polarization and the orientation of crystal changing when the Si/Al schottky barrier has been illuminated, and confirm the reason is that the existence of self-field destroy the crystal symmetry, produce second-order nonlinear optical-rectification effect, and the direct-current field which has been produced by the optical-rectification effect and the self-field affect mutually.

推导了硅中的光整流效应，并通过观测Si/Al肖特基势垒受光照时产生的光生电压与光波偏振方向和晶向的变化关系的实验，发现了光生电压的各向异性规律，并确定这是由于内建电场的存在使晶体对称性被破坏，产生二阶非线性效应的光整流，光整流产生的直流电场又与内建电场相互作用的结果。

The deformation of conductive particles in pure metal connected by anisotropically conductive adhesives has been investigated using finite element analysis. The results indicate that the increment in stresses of the conductive particles begins at the contact area toward the boundary through the centers of conductive particles when the reduction in height increases. When stress is over the yield strength, the similar behavior was observed. So the deformation of conductive particles is not uniform, which means that the deformation of conductive particles is the same as the stress does.

采用有限元模拟分析了各向异性导电胶连接的纯金属导电颗粒的变形过程，研究结果表明，随着压下量的增加，导电颗粒的应力增加由接触面开始，经中心区域向导电颗粒的周边扩展，大于屈服强度的应力变化与此相似，因此导电颗粒的变形是不均匀的，即导电颗粒的变形由接触面开始，经中心区域向周边区域进行。

Creep cracks seem always to initiate at inherent casting pores and slowly propa-gate anisotropically along the (001) planes, perpendecular to axis of stress applied, upto the final fast fracture. Creep cracks can also nucleate at fractured carbides or at in-terfaces between carbides and matrix in the alloys containing more carbon.

结果表明：单晶的蠕变断裂具有明显的晶体学特征，蠕变裂纹总是从已有的铸造的显微疏松处萌生；对于含碳量较高的材料，碳化物及其与基体的界面也是裂纹萌生的有利位置；这些已萌生的裂纹在外加应力轴垂直的(001)面上各向异性地扩展，直到由于承载截面的逐渐减小而导致最终破坏。

The UV and IR spectroscopic studies of the monomer films showed that the photoreaction ratio of monomer (about 50%) was higher than the corresponding photosensitive polymer (about 10%, PVCi). The polarized IR spectra proved that obvious anisotropic absorption was displayed in the irradiated photosensitive film. With polarizing microscopy method, we found that these kinds of photoalignment films exhibited good alignment ability, and the stability of the photoalignment film could reach about 100℃. 2 A photosensitive self-assembled monolayer was fabricated that contained photo-cycloadditable groups, such as, coumarin and cinnamate. The reaction process were detected by contact angle method because the IR absorption of monolayer was very weak. The photosensitive self-assembled monolayer promote uniform alignment of nematic liquid crystals by LPUV, and it thermal stability could reach about 130℃. 3 A cationic bolaform amphiphiles was synthesized that had two photosensitive double bonds, and can be polymerized by ultraviolet. A layer-by-layer self-assembled deposition film was prepared in aqueous solution by using this material and poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). The UV-Vis. spectra proved that the multilayers film was uniform and layer-by-layer. When LPUV irradiated the film, the photopolymerizable double bond underwent [2+2] cycloaddition, and the production of the reaction distributed along the polarized direction of incident LPUV. Polarized UV-Vis. spectra indicated that the irradiated self-assembled multiplayer film was anisotropic, and the dichromic ration is about 0.09, it is higher than the spin-coating method of photosensitive polymer or monomer. We used this anisotropic film as alignment layer of nematic liquid crystals, and obtained a uniform and stability alignment result, the static contrast ratio is about 100, which is very close to application of liquid crystal device. This thesis is an instance that the photochemical material was used in the physics region of liquid crystals, the route that was from photosensitive monomer, self-assembled monolayer film to self-assembled multiplayer film was undergone, by this logical research method photoailgnment of liquid crystal was extended and consummated.

围绕上述思路开展了如下工作：1合成了三种可进行光二聚反应的光敏小分子单体，LPUV 辐照制作了光控取向膜；用紫外-可见光谱法和红外光谱法分析了薄膜中的光化学反应，发现小分子的光反应程度可达到50%以上，至少比光敏高分子高出5倍；薄膜的偏振红外光谱证实，经过LPUV 辐照后薄膜出现了明显的各向异性；将小分子光控取向膜制成液晶器件，在偏光显微镜下观察看到均匀一致的液晶取向；并且热稳定性达到100℃左右，接近实用化要求。2制备了含肉桂酸、香豆素基团的自组装单层膜；采用接触角的方法监测自组装反应的动力学过程；紫外-可见光谱证实了自组装单层膜在石英基板表面形成；自组装单层膜经LPUV 辐照后能诱导液晶均匀取向，而且热稳定性可达130℃，热稳定性进一步提高。3合成了含有光敏双键的双季铵盐，在水溶液状态下将它和聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠沉积生成layer-by-layer 自组装多层膜，紫外-可见光谱证实这是一个逐层均匀的沉积；在LPUV 照射下，自组装膜中的光敏双键按照偏振方向发生[2+2]环加成反应，形成取向膜，用二向色性值评价的分子取向度高于高分子及小分子光控取向膜的水平；实验证明用自组装多层膜制成的液晶器件亮暗态均匀，静态对比度约为100，达到实用化器件的水平。

Firstly, take polyester short fiber, nylon short fiber and cotton powder short fiber for examples, a study was made on the influence of content and kind of short fibers on physical and heat aging properties of short fiber-CR composites. The experiment results showed that the rigidity of the composite increased as the content of the fiber increased, and the tear strength, the modulus at 20% in L direction also increased; thereinto, the reinforcement effect of nylon short fiber was the best, and the cotton powder short fiber was the worst.

第一，以聚酯短纤维、尼龙短纤维、棉粉短纤维为例，研究了短纤维的用量和种类对短纤维-氯丁橡胶复合材料力学性能、耐热性能及其溶胀性能的影响；结果表明，随纤维含量的增加，短纤维-CR复合材料的硬度不断增大；在L向拉伸时，撕裂强度、定伸应力不断提高；尼龙短纤维的补强效果优于其它两种，棉粉短纤维的最差；随纤维含量增加，短纤维-CR复合材料整体耐热老化性得到了极大提高，其中尼龙短纤维-CR复合材料的耐热老化性明显优于其它两种；随纤维含量的增加，短纤维—CR复合材料的耐溶胀性能明显提高；短纤维-CR复合材料的性能呈现明显的各向异性。

G. it is up to 80 eV when the cluster plane is parallel to the surface. In addition, the impact induced adsorption of C〓 cages was studied in detail. After impacting, the normal incident C〓 was found to move laterally on the surface due to the anisotropic interaction between the dimerized surface and the cage. Finally, it resided on the top of a dimmer or in the trough, which are the energy favored adsorption sites.

在能量为10-20eV的C〓富勒烯表面吸附动力学过程的研究中，我们还发现表面结构的不对称性会引起团簇-表面相互作用的各向异性，从而导致入射团簇在表面上有与入射方向垂直的的横向运动，最后吸附在两个二聚体的中心点和谷点，这两个位置是能量最低的的吸附组态。

The result show that the N elements curbed the transition from anatase phase to rutile phase , Doped-N was in the structure of the TiO2 as the form of Ti-O-N and formed a new bond energy level;N-doped changed the paramagnetic of the characteristics. The paramagnetic resonance spectrum of TiO2 showed anisotropic and showed hyperfine splitting, The Lande factor of Ti3 + combined with the N is 1.956. UV-Vis absorption spectra showed that the photocatalytic ability of photocatalyst TiO2-xNx to expand to the visible region, the sample (3.84wt %) has the highest photo catalytic activity, the adsorption edge extend to 520nm and degradation is 55.54% under the visible light for 1.5h.

研究结果显示，N元素抑制了锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变，阻止了晶粒的长大，掺杂的N元素以O-Ti-N的形式存在于光催化剂结构中，形成了新的能级结构；N掺杂改变了催化剂的顺磁特征，使TiO2的顺磁共振谱线呈现各向异性，发生了超精细分裂，其中g2=1.956，是与N结合的Ti3+的朗德因子；紫外可见光吸收谱表明，催化剂TiO2-xNx的光响应能力拓展到可见光区，光吸收带发生红移；光催化测试结果显示，掺杂量为3.84的TiO2-xNx在可见光区的响应能力最高，吸收波长延伸至520nm，其光催化活性最大，1.5h降解率达到55.54%。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。