各向异性

Fracture is caused by sheet's tensile instability, Hill's totalized instability theories and Swift's diffuse instability theories which based on continuous mechanics are applied to isotropic blank; Marciniak and Kuczynski's theories are applied to orthotropic blank, which introduced thickness imperfections normal to the principal stress and strain direction as a groove pre-existing defects in the material. The stability of each part of blank at each moment is described by numerical method, and the results are shown by computer simulation, thus the fracture in sheet forming can be predicted preciously.

拉裂是由于拉伸失稳引起的，以连续体力学为基础的Hill集中性失稳理论和Swift分散性失稳理论应用到各向同性板料进行失稳判定；将Marciniak和Kuczynski的凹槽损伤失稳理论应用到正交各向异性板料拉伸失稳判定，对板料各处在成型过程中不同时刻的稳定性进行数值化描述，并运用计算机仿真技术进行直观的表现，可以准确地预测板料成型中可能出现的拉裂现象。

Through the establishment of the eight-node hexahedral elements describing continuous variation of the thickness of adjacent elements, the involved nonlinear anisotropic elasto-plastic material model, the control strategies of the dynamic load of trajectories and so on, the FEM model of SPIF was reasonable planed.

通过建立能够描述邻接单元厚度连续变化的八节点六面体实体单元、涉及材料各向异性的非线性弹塑性材料模型、和工具头运动轨迹动态加载的控制策略等数值模拟中的关键性问题，对适用于金属板材单点渐进成形数值模拟分析的有限元模型的建立进行合理规划。

It is the base of predicting remaining oil distribution.

该模型能定量揭示孔隙结构在三维空间中的各向异性，为剩余油分布的预测奠定了基础。

For thin polycrystalline films, especially those with columnar structure, once the diameter of grains on the film surface is larger than the film thickness, the total area of above and under basal planes (film-substrate interface) will be larger than that of side plane.

对于薄膜特别是柱状晶薄膜，当晶粒在膜平面内的尺寸大于膜厚时，柱状晶粒的上底面和下底面的面积将大于侧面的面积，因此薄膜中的晶粒生长除像整体材料中的晶粒生长一样考虑晶界能外，还需要考虑表面能和界面能，因为各向异性的表面能和界面能将导致薄膜中的异常晶粒生长和织构变化。

For thin polycrystalline films, especially those with columnar structure, once the diameter of grains on the film surface is larger than the film thickness, the total area of above and under basal planes (film-substrate interface) will be larger than that of side plane. Therefore besides the minimization of boundary energy in traditional bulk material, surface energy, interface energy would be considered due to the anisotropy of surface energy, interface energy being able to drive the grain growth and texture evolution in thin films.

对于薄膜特别是柱状晶薄膜，当晶粒在膜平面内的尺寸大于膜厚时，柱状晶粒的上底面和下底面的面积将大于侧面的面积，因此薄膜中的晶粒生长除像整体材料中的晶粒生长一样考虑晶界能外，还需要考虑表面能和界面能，因为各向异性的表面能和界面能将导致薄膜中的异常晶粒生长和织构变化。

Firstly, take polyester short fiber, nylon short fiber and cotton powder short fiber for examples, a study was made on the influence of content and kind of short fibers on physical and heat aging properties of short fiber-CR composites. The experiment results showed that the rigidity of the composite increased as the content of the fiber increased, and the tear strength, the modulus at 20% in L direction also increased; thereinto, the reinforcement effect of nylon short fiber was the best, and the cotton powder short fiber was the worst.

第一，以聚酯短纤维、尼龙短纤维、棉粉短纤维为例，研究了短纤维的用量和种类对短纤维-氯丁橡胶复合材料力学性能、耐热性能及其溶胀性能的影响；结果表明，随纤维含量的增加，短纤维-CR复合材料的硬度不断增大；在L向拉伸时，撕裂强度、定伸应力不断提高；尼龙短纤维的补强效果优于其它两种，棉粉短纤维的最差；随纤维含量增加，短纤维-CR复合材料整体耐热老化性得到了极大提高，其中尼龙短纤维-CR复合材料的耐热老化性明显优于其它两种；随纤维含量的增加，短纤维—CR复合材料的耐溶胀性能明显提高；短纤维-CR复合材料的性能呈现明显的各向异性。

The experiment results showed that the rigidity of the composite inchlorinatedcis-1, 4-polybutadieneeased as the content of the fiber inchlorinatedcis-1, 4-polybutadieneeased, and the tear strength, the modulus at 20% in L directionalso inchlorinated cis-1, 4-polybutadieneeased; thereinto, the reinforcement effect ofnylon short fiber was the best, and the cotton powder short fiber was the worst.

结果表明，短纤维氯化顺丁橡胶复合材料随纤维含量的增加，硬度不断增大，在L向拉伸时，撕裂强度、定伸应力提高，尼龙短纤维的补强效果最好，棉粉短纤维的最差；随纤维含量增加，短纤维氯化顺丁橡胶复合材料整体耐热老化性得到了极大改善，短纤维-氯化顺丁橡胶复合材料的性能呈现明显的各向异性。

The concrete dam displacement is studied considering the factors such as foundation modulus increasing with depth, seepage coefficient reducing as depth, seepage coefficient anisotropic, curtain and drainage in the dam heel and seepage field and stress field coupling. Some conclusions are obtained: if the foundation is considered only with the seepage volume load, the dam top horizontal displacement of the reference base point develops upstream. When the foundation size increases, the reference base point's horizontal displacement increases. However, the value measured by the reversed pendulum anchored to the rock foundation is often regarded to be absolute displacement. The above practice is estimated to be limited when the water load on the dam foundation is taken into account.

分析了地基变形模量随深度逐渐增加、渗透系数随深度逐渐减小、坝基渗透系数各向异性、坝踵设置帷幕排水，以及考虑渗流场和应力场耦合等对混凝土坝位移分量的影响，得出如下结论：作用在地基上的水荷载，使混凝土坝坝顶相对参考基点（倒垂锚固点或坝踵正下方1倍坝高处）的水平位移指向上游，而参考基点的水平位移随地基截取范围的增大而增大，由于大坝工程上常将倒垂线锚固在岩基深处，并认为该倒垂线测值为绝对位移。

Compared with the conventional precession switching induced by applying a static field, the transverse oscillating field is more efficient for the magnetization switching for small damping constant α.

对薄膜，我们发现在垂直于各向异性易化轴的方向上施加一个小的横向振荡场，可以引起薄膜磁化进动模式的反转。

And can reduce or eliminate the anisotropic material to improve the performance of its punch, so that elongation of the material significantly increased for deep-drawing deformation even provided a good internal organization.

且可以减轻或消除材料的各向异性，改善其冲压性能，使材料的伸长率显著提高，为均匀的深冲变形提供了良好的内部组织。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。