司法行为

Article 73 No judicial official shall be summoned, arrested, detained, prosecuted or tried civilly or criminally by or at the instance of any person or authority on account of judicial opinions rendered or expressed, judicial statements made and judicial acts done in the course of a trial in open court or in chambers, except for treason or other felonies, misdemeanor or breach of the peace.

第73条：除非叛国或犯其他重罪、轻罪或破坏和平，法官不因其在公开开庭或法官办公室中的司法言论或司法行为而遭到民事或刑事的传唤、逮捕、拘留、起诉或审判。

Any citizen of the Union and any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State has the right to refer to the Ombudsman of the Union cases of maladministration in the activities of the Community institutions or bodies, with the exception of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance acting in their judicial role.

欧洲联盟公民与於一会员国中居住之自然人或登记营业所之法人，均享有就欧洲共同体机构及部门之违法不当行政作为，向欧洲联盟监察使提出申诉之权利，但欧洲法院与初审法院之司法行为不在此限。

This thesis takes the practical reason of Marxism as the philosophical foundation, adopts other views of properness critically and explores the judicial reason in judicial practice i.e...

司法理性的评价标准是指客观评价司法理性的准则，它应当包括：程序合法标准，即法官的审判行为和司法行为必须符合程序法的规定；证据充分标准，即法官据以作出裁判的证据应当充分到足以令其产生内心确信的程度；论证合理标准，即法官对其认定事实、适用法律、以及处理结果的正当性进行合理的解释和论证；结果公正标准，即实现"法律之内的正义"。

On the other hand, on account of the accumulation of past experience and the popularity of "Valuing virtues; undervaluing penalty", law makers and executors were then capable of laying down effective regulations in connection With specific groups, specific procedures and specific situations. This marked the maturity of the Remission Policy and thereby arose such judicative customs as remission coming of suicide and substitution etc. All these embody the class nature of legislation and Judicature as well as a certain degree of reasonableness and progressiveness.

另一方面，由于秦汉时期对既往经验的总结以及汉时&尚德厌刑&的社会风尚的影响，当时法律的制定和执行者们已经能够针对特定人群、特定情节与特定情况作出相应的减免规定与决定，从而使得秦汉律法中的减免体系得到完备，并导致自杀免罪，替代免刑等若干免罪司法司惯的出现，这其中既体现了秦汉立法与司法行为所具有的阶级本质特点，又反映出其所包含的一定程度的科学性与进步性。

The international judicial assistance in criminal matters is an international judicial system for governments' cooperative punishing criminal facts. It's an act of justicial bureaus of different countries or areas to help or take the place of each other to complete judicial matters according to conventions or adhering to the principles of mutual benefit during activities of criminal lawsuit.

国际刑事司法协助是各国政府之间合作制裁违法犯罪行为的一项国际司法制度，是不同国家和地区的司法当局之间，依据相关国际条约所确立的义务，或遵循互惠原则，在刑事追诉活动中相互帮助，代为完成一定司法事宜的行为。

In the third part , the author defines the legitimation of the judicial review to the abstract action . the author analyses the experience of constitutionalism of typic foreign countries and the defects of the devised control system to the abstract actions in china , and deems that it is necessary to establish the system of judicial review to the abstract action

第三部分&具体制度的建构：对抽象行政行为的司法审查&，在对中国现行司法审查制度评价的基础上，通过对抽象行政行为进行司法审查的必要性和优越性以及西方发达国家对抽象行政行为的审查机制的分析，明确在中国构建对抽象行政行为进行司法审查制度的正当性。

It is different from the past which treat the incentives of judiciaries as a subsidiary method of judiciaries' management or a subsidiary means of governance.

基于司法公正实质是一种社会信任，该信任来源于司法者的行为、信誉和特定制度，但现实中司法者亦会采取自利的方式行事，司法过程存在高昂代理成本，故决定了对司法者需要施以激励为核心的治理或管理。

In this way it supervises the administration of law by the lower courts on an ad hoc basis.

它以这种方式对下级法院的司法行为进行以个案为基础的监督。

The judicial handlings of colleges and universities' punishing their students d iffer from each other due to the lack of a clear legislative definition of the n ature of punishment.

论高校处分学生行为的司法审查摘要：司法实践中对高校处分学生行为的处置不一，原因在于立法上缺乏对高校处分学生行为性质的明确界定。

We therefore decree, lest falsehood prejudice truth or wickedness prevail over justice, that in both ordinary and extraordinary trials the judge shall always employ either a public official, if he can find one, or two suitable men to write down faithfully all the judicial acts -- that is to say the citations, adjournments, objections and exceptions, petitions and replies, interrogations, confessions, depositions of witnesses, productions of documents, interlocutions {5}, appeals, renunciations, final decisions and the other things that ought to be written down in the correct order -- stating the places, times and persons.

因此，我们法令，以免妨碍谎言真相或邪恶战胜正义，这在普通和特殊的审判法官应始终聘用或者公职人员，如果他能找到一个合适的男人或两个写下忠实所有司法行为--这就是说引文，休庭，反对和例外，请愿书和答复，盘问口供，证人证言，制作文件， interlocutions （ 5 ），上诉，放弃，最后决定和其他事情，应该书面在以正确的顺序-说明的地方，时间和人员。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。