司法的

The author mainly presents his ideas in this thesis from the following aspects: To perfect Chinese sports law, China should have its own sports arbitration system so that the law could catch up with the development of Chinese sports and international sports as well; Sports arbitration should aim at fairness and effectiveness; The popularity of sports arbitration institutions and the lawfulness of arbitration procedures and verdict effect make sports arbitration quasi-judicial; As long as sports arbitration is listed in the regulations of sports organizations, it could be applied for its compulsiveness; Sports arbitration is supposed to address the disputes caused by the disciplinary punishment, and that caused by the such major problems like the registration, circulation, and qualifications of the sportsman, and disputes caused by the contracts in sports activities; Mediation procedure and immediate arbitration procedure should be given special attention in the establishment of arbitration procedures; Sports arbitrators should be neutral in solving disputes, and should be a qualified sports worker.

本文认为，为完善中国体育法制建设，适应中国竞技体育发展的实际需求并与国际惯例接轨，中国应尽快设立体育仲裁制度；体育仲裁的价值目标应该是公正和效益；体育仲裁机构的民间性及仲裁程序和裁决效力的司法性，使得体育仲裁的性质具有准司法性；体育仲裁具有强制性的特征，只要体育组织的章程中有体育仲裁的规定，即可申请体育仲裁；体育仲裁的范围应限于竞技体育领域中因体育组织的纪律处罚所引起的纠纷，因运动员注册、流动、转会以及参赛资格等体育专业问题所引起的纠纷，因竞技体育活动中的合同关系所引起的纠纷。体育仲裁的程序建构要突出调解程序和快速仲裁程序；体育仲裁员必须确保中立并且其素质群中还应具备体育知识的素质。

"Applicable Law" means any national, federal, state or local law, statuute, rule, regulation, ordinance, order, decree, directive, requirement, code, notice or rule of common law, now or in the future in effect, and in each case as amended or re-enacted from time to time, and legislation supplemental to it, and any judicial or administrative interpretation of it by a Governmental Authority or otherwise, including any judicial or administrative order, determination, consent, decree or judgment applicable to or having jurisdiction over, as the context requires, XXXXXXXX and "Applicable Laws" shall be construed accordingly

"适用法律"是指任何现在或将来有效的国家、联邦、州或当地的法律、法规、法则、规定、条例、法令、政令、指示、要求、法典、通知或普通法的规定，和在一段时期内修改的、重新颁布实施的、立法补充的、政府机构作出的任何司法或行政的解释，或包括其它任何司法或行政的命令、决定、同意、法令或，将按照上文的规定，适用于或对于XXXXXXX，具有管辖权的判决；而"该等适用法律"将须据此解释；总觉得"适用法律"的翻译很是别扭！"适用法律"是动词词组，而applicable law则是名词词组！cnki 则有三种译法：准据法，法律适用，适用法律

We can see that community correction can recollocate the limited judicial resource which is in favor of saving the cost of execution from a series of data, on the other hand, it is propitious to rebuild the light criminals. See from the penal base, the goal of the criminalistics in the 20th transfered to the criminal from the crime, the idea of correction was advanced on the base of going deep into the personality causation, because of which parole, probation and other community correction appeared and developed. See from the policy base, the popular international penal policy "polarization policy" also take a moment to community correction. It must divert some burden to the community if the country want to focus the strength into beating these terrorist, the fearful criminals. See from the environmental base, the developed country apply the community correction above 50%, which offers abundant experience and upstanding international surroundings to us, it also provide a largo flat roof for intercourse.

从一系列的数据可以看出，社区矫正既有利于行刑成本的节约，促进有限的司法资源的优化配置，也有利于对轻刑犯的改造，是符合行刑经济化的原则的；从刑事基础而言，近代刑事学派关注的目标发生了从犯罪行为到犯罪人的转变，在深入探究了犯罪的深层个性原因之后，提出了矫正刑的思想，并促进了假释、缓刑、保安处分等一系列现代刑法制度的出现与发展，这些都为社区制度的发展奠定了坚实的基础；从政策基础而言，目前国际比较流行的两极化刑事政策也为社区矫正的发展提供了契机，要集中有限的司法力量去打击那些恐怖犯罪、严重侵犯公民人身权利等犯罪，就必须将对轻刑犯的改造等部分负担转移到社区方面来；从环境基础而言，西方法治发达国家适用社区矫正的比例基本达到了50%以上，这为我国实行社区矫正提供了良好的国际环境和丰富的经验，并为我国和西方的法治对话提供了更宽广的对话平台。

With the statistical data analysis method, according to the Criminal lawsuits with civil lawsuits attached of some railway transportation intermediate court during 3 years, in my dissertation I commented on the actuality of the institution of the Chinese Criminal with civil lawsuit attached ,revealed many problems of this institution during judicial practice and moused out the reasons from the following 3 sides, judicial concept, legislation and judges' quality. Also, I analised the value and legitimacy

本文运用统计数据分析的方法，从某铁路运输中级法院近三年多来办理的刑事附带民事诉讼案件入手，总体上评价了我国刑事附带民事诉讼制度的现状，揭示了该制度在司法实践存在的诸多问题，从司法理念、立法和法官素质层面探询了原因，分析了刑事附带民事诉讼制度的价值及其存在的合理性，明确了刑事附带民事诉讼制度的法律性质、特征、原则，从保护当事人诉讼权利、实体权利出发，为进一步完善刑事附带民事诉讼制度提出了具有建设性的意见。

Finally, the author figures out some issues of Narcotics Transport in judicial practice and puts forward concrete judicial measures based on his experience. The first is the difference of penalties between Narcotics Transport and drug-selling. The second is the difference of responsibility and punishment between the principal and the accessory. The third is the cognizance and responsibility of the inside men and meritorious criminals. The last is the cognizance and punishment of drug users convicted of Narcotics Transport.

在本文的最后一部分，笔者根据近些年来自己司法实践的经验和心得，提出并分析司法实践中的一些疑难问题，主要从运输毒品与贩卖毒品在处罚上的异同、主从犯罪责的分担及量刑的差异、特情侦查及立功在运输毒品犯罪中的认定及刑罚影响、对吸毒者运输毒品行为的认定与处罚等几方面进行阐述，并相应提出具体对策。

It is stipulated by The Code of Criminal Procedure of the People''s Republic of China, the 42nd item; The Civil Procedure Act of the People''s Republic of China, the 63rd item; and the Code of Administrative Procedure of the People''s Republic of China, the 31St item, that the audio-video material is an independent kind of evidence, so established the legal effect of it, symbol the development and the perfect of our country''s socialist law, Being a new type of evidence, audio-video material needs our study, probation and practice deeply, carefully and urgently, summing up the successful experience and failure moral, and then forming the comrades'' common interest, enriching and partaking the system of evidence science, developing it higher and wider; filling the vitality of the action of procedure, broadening the buglers'' outlook, raising the quality and level of enforcing the law.

中文文摘《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第四十二条、《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第六十三条、《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》第三十一条，都明确规定视听资料是一种独立的证据种类，确立了视听资料的法律地位。它标志着我国社会主义法律的不断提高和完善。视听资料作为一种新型证据，不论在理论研究方面，还是在司法实践中的具体运用，都迫切需要进行深入细致的研究、探讨和实践，随时，总结成功的经验和失败的教训，形成共识，不断丰富和完善证据学体系，使这一方兴未艾的证据形式向更高级更广阔的领域发展。填补这一领域的空白，为诉讼活动，带来生机和活力，开拓司法人员的视野，提高执法质量和执法水平。

So, detailed legislative provisions of the "interpretation" on how to apply a law or how to apply a law to a particular kind of cases or issues are as same as the legislative "regulation" aiming at legislative blank are actually lawmaking, and the Supreme People's Court should not do them; reform judicial interpretation of "reply" and make it be apt to legal comprehension and application; absorb judge-made law reasonable factors and endow the typical cases of the Supreme People's Court with judicial interpretative effect.

因此，对某一法律或者对某一类案件、某一类问题如何适用法律的立法条文式的细化性&解释&和针对立法空白直接做出的立法性&规定&，其实质仍是一种立法活动，最高人民法院应当取消；改革&批复&形式的司法解释，使之更倾向于对法律的理解与适用，而不是案件结果的处理；吸收判例法的合理因素，赋予最高人民法院的典型案例以司法解释的效力。

Therefore in this paper myself brief analysis officer of the court (various Grass-roots court, public security, each kind of people discussing dispute which Redressing committee's staff) could often meet is the key point, elaborated some question which could meet in each kind of mediation work activity, to the judicial mediation system, the judicial mediation's principle, the function, the mediation work's matters needing attention, how as well as to regard the mediation in civil action's function practice the common force mediation, this mediation not to give the mediation, the unprincipled mediation or "smooths over differences", the long accent several questions not definitely to make the superficial analysis.

因而在此论文中本人浅析了法律工作者（各基层法院，公安，调解委员会的工作人员）都会常遇见的各类民商纠纷为重点，论述了一些在各类调解工作活动中都会遇到的问题，对司法调解制度，司法调解的原则、作用，调解工作的注意事项，以及如何看待调解在民事诉讼中的作用实践中常见的强迫调解、该调解的不予调解、无原则调解或&和稀泥&、久调不决的几个问题作出了肤浅的分析。

At last, by analyzing the similarities and differences of legislation and judicature systems concerned of foreign country, the article discusses some good defense countermeasure that we should adopt by drawing lessons from the foreign country. Later it analyses providing concerned about criminal law, civil law, maritime law which are related to crime of cheat on L/C and points out the defects our legal system. Following that, it puts forward concrete proposal of legislation and judicature on proposal of legislation and judicature on improving legal system and taking strong measures against the behavior of crime of cheat on L/C. At last the article discusses the way to solve the self梥aving measures that every party should adopt and the concrete measurers that international organization uses to defense against cheat of L/C.

通过对西方国家有关信用证欺诈及其犯罪的立法、司法制度的比较分析，论述我国应该借鉴外国一些有益的防治措施，对我国的刑法、民法、海商法等涉及信用证欺诈的相关规定进行剖析，指出我国信用证欺诈方面法制的不健全之处，对完善我国信用证欺诈的法律体系与打击信用证欺诈犯罪行为提出具体的立法、司法建议；同时探讨信用证欺诈在法律冲突时的解决办法以及各方当事人应该采取的自力性救济措施和国际组织在防治信用证欺诈方面的具体措施。

The city is responsible for the administration of justice system, ideological and political work, police officers education and training and team building; management of the municipal judicial administrative system of the police and rank evaluation delegate work; Bureau of bodies and agencies responsible for setting up and preparation work; is responsible for Bureau of organs and units directly under the management of cadres ; is responsible for administrative affairs bureau organization work; is responsible for Bureau of organs and units directly under the personnel files and the county Bureau of Justice Association for the management of cadres to collect a copy of the file management; is responsible for Bureau of Labor organs and units directly under the work and the wage fund program management, incentive funds, Welfare Fund for the use of subordinate units reviewed and approved wage plan; is responsible for system-wide professional and technical cadres in the management of post titles.

负责全市司法行政系统的思想政治工作、干警教育培训和队伍建设；管理市司法行政系统的警务和警衔评授工作；负责局机关机构设置和编制工作；负责局机关及直属单位的干部管理工作；负责局机关政务公开工作；负责局机关及直属单位人事档案和县司法局协管干部的档案副本收集管理；负责局机关及直属单位的劳资工作和工资基金计划管理，奖励基金、福利基金的使用，审查核准下属单位的工资计划；负责全系统的专业技术干部职务职称的管理工作。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。