司法的

The traditional mainstream theory holds that the purpose of criminal law is to protect people by punishing crimes, which is based on indictable offences, focusing on punishment is not overall. It ignores the direction legislative value of our county concerning restoring victims'rights. Restorative justice reform characterized by negotiation, reconciliation and compensation in the world indicates a certain tendency that the idea of criminal justice is transferred from centering on criminals to criminals -vic...

传统主流理论认为刑法的目的是惩罚犯罪，保护人民，这种以公诉罪为主线，关注惩罚的理论概括并不全面，它忽视了我国有关恢复被害人利益的立法取向；世界范围内的以协商和解和赔偿为特征的恢复性司法改革运动表明刑事司法理念从以犯罪人为中心到犯罪人———被害人为中心的模式转换趋势，预示着刑法目的惩罚与恢复的调和是一种发展的必然。

These suggestions including that the court should use the clause restrainedly, the court should cautiously choose other alternative remedies to resolving the corporation deadlock, and there is only one remedy in new revised company law, which is not enough to resolve the different kinds of deadlock.

结合我国公司法对公司僵局的处理，在对公司法第一百三十八条进行分析、评述的基础上，指出我国法院应当在平衡公司自治与司法干预的关系、兼顾股东利益、公司利益和社会利益的平衡、适度把握维持公司原则、用尽内部救济等等原则的指导下，选择适宜的措施来解决公司僵局问题，如强制股权置换、公司分立等措施，文中还指出了我国选择公司司法解散的替代措施还存在的一些障碍。

Eliminating the discriminate of the domestic and international judicial supervision of commercial arbitration; abolishing the supervisory way of not granting the partys application, merge the function of the original not granted arbitrament into the eliminated arbitrament; stricting the judicial supervisory process, for example, specifying the cognizance way of elimination process of arbitrament, shortening the elimination term, specifying the effectiveness of the arbitrament after elimination and the effectiveness of the arbitrative consultation; perfecting the redress way of eliminating the arbitration, especially the exertion of the ways of rearbitraion; strictly controlling the application range of social public benefit.

应当消除国内及涉外商事仲裁司法监督的差别待遇；取消当事人申请不予执行仲裁裁决的监督方式，将原有不予执行仲裁裁决的功能并入撤销仲裁裁决；严格司法监督程序，比如明确仲裁裁决撤销程序的审理方式、缩短撤销期限、明确仲裁裁决被撤销后裁决的效力以及仲裁协议的效力；完善撤销仲裁裁决的救济途径，尤其要重视重新仲裁方式的运用；严格控制&社会公共利益&的适用范围。

On the other hand, on account of the accumulation of past experience and the popularity of "Valuing virtues; undervaluing penalty", law makers and executors were then capable of laying down effective regulations in connection With specific groups, specific procedures and specific situations. This marked the maturity of the Remission Policy and thereby arose such judicative customs as remission coming of suicide and substitution etc. All these embody the class nature of legislation and Judicature as well as a certain degree of reasonableness and progressiveness.

另一方面，由于秦汉时期对既往经验的总结以及汉时&尚德厌刑&的社会风尚的影响，当时法律的制定和执行者们已经能够针对特定人群、特定情节与特定情况作出相应的减免规定与决定，从而使得秦汉律法中的减免体系得到完备，并导致自杀免罪，替代免刑等若干免罪司法司惯的出现，这其中既体现了秦汉立法与司法行为所具有的阶级本质特点，又反映出其所包含的一定程度的科学性与进步性。

So the improvement and enlargement of the scope of judicial review of administrative actions in China is both unavoidable and clear: to make amendments to the administrative litigation law to review "abstract administrative actions","final administrative actions" and "inner administrative actions";to delete detailed listing of "reviewable administrative actions" and to establish the essential rule in administrative litigation that any administrative actions shall be judicially reviewable unless the litigation is definitely forbidden by law and harmful to the principle of rule of law.

上述看似疏忽与不慎的用词，恰恰折射出作为国家最高审判机关在行政诉讼受案范围问题上的扩大倾向与面对立法现实的无奈。因为根据我国目前最高审判机关的司法解释的权限，最高人民法院只有依照法律和行政法规，适用法律法规的具体作出解释的权力，而不能似英、美普通法系国家那样&法官造法&，更不能以司法解释权侵夺国家的立法权。

So the improvement and enlargement of the scope of judicial review of administrative actions in China is both unavoidable and clear: to make amendments to the administrative litigation law to review "abstract administrative actions","final administrative actions" and "inner administrative actions";to delete detailed listing of "reviewable administrative actions" and to establish the essential rule in administrative litigation that any administrative actions shall be judicially reviewable unless the litigation is definitely forbidden by law and harmful to the principle of rule of law.

上述看似疏忽与不慎的用词，恰恰折射出作为国家最高审判机关在行政诉讼受案范围问题上的扩大倾向与面对立法现实的无奈。因为根据我国目前最高审判机关的司法解释的权限，最高人民法院只有依照法律和行政法规，对适用法律法规的具体问题作出解释的权力，而不能似英美判例法系国家那样&法官造法&，更不能以司法解释权侵夺国家的立法权。

Basing on the commentating on these articles both of the Contract Law together with its statutory construction and Civil Law of PRC together with its statutory construction which are the main proportions of the legal system, the paper gives out the configuration of the legal system, and focuses on the imperfect part of the system such as the time limit of the indefinitely-effected contract, the right of contract to alter, the right of contract to rescind etc..

本文通过对于参与构建这一法律制度体系的《合同法》及其司法解释、《民法通则》及其司法解释中相关条款的解析，较为全面地阐述了该体系的总体架构，并在此基础上着重论述了其中一些尚有待完善的地方，包括：效力未定合同制度中撤销权设置的合理性、催告对象的确定、设立效力未定期限的必要性以及可变更撤销合同制度中重大误解的界定、选择变更权的缺陷、更合理地设置除斥期间等。

This article explores the thoughts oncriminal psychology in"Zhe Yu Gui Jian"in three respects:1psychological qualitiessuch as benevolence,wisdom and courageare the pre-requisitcs for the smooth opera-tion of the bench:2psychological analysisis made in the course of a trial throughobservations of the situation,evidence,fa-cial exprssion,and argument;3psychol-ogical tactics such as decoying,and makingoblique references are employed to sound outthe motives or evidences of crimes .

本文从三个方面探讨了《折狱龟鉴》的犯罪心理学思想：1。关于司法人员的心理品质，认为仁、智、勇的品质是司法实践得以顺利进行的前提条件；2。关于审判中的心理分析，主张通过&察情&、&据证&&察色&、&察辞&来把握罪犯的心理特征；3。关于侦查犯罪的心理战术，重视用诈谋诳诱、旁敲侧击等方法获得罪犯的犯罪动机或犯罪证据。

At present, people gradually realize that all kinds of human rights as integrity has mutual relation, liberal rights and social rights are not two insolated rights, and one could not been protected through separating oneself from another. So, judicial remedy of social rights included class action,social interpretation about civil and citizen rights as well as factual judicial protection of social rights by affirmative action has been generated in some countries and regions.

目前，人们逐渐认识到作为整体的人的各种权利具有相互关联性，自由权与社会权不是孤立的两类存在，无法脱离其中的一类权利来抽象地保护另一类权利，于是，一些国家和地区在可能的范围内发展了社会权利的司法救济，包括集体申诉制度、对公民和政治权利的社会性解释、通过肯定性救济手段给予社会权利以事实上的司法保护与公益诉讼等形式。

At present, people gradually realize that all kinds of human rights as integrity has mutual relation, liberal rights and social right are not two insolated right, and one could not been protected through separating oneself from another. So, judicial remedy of social rights included class action, social interpretation about civil and citizen rights as well as factual judicial protection of social rights by affirmative action has been generated in some countries and regions.

目前，人们逐渐认识到作为整体的人的各种权利具有相互关联性，自由权与社会权不是孤立的两类存在，无法脱离其中的一类权利来抽象地保护另一类权利，于是，一些国家和地区在可能的范围内发展了社会权的司法救济，包括集体申诉制度、对公民和政治权利的社会性解释、通过肯定性救济手段给予社会权利以事实上的司法保护与公益诉讼等形式。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。