司法的

The rights of an arrestee mainly includethe right to be told accusation,the right not to incriminate himself,the right to keep silence,the right to consult and to obtain judicialassistance,the right to be treated promptly when he is sick,theright to be treated humanly and not to be tortured,the right to ac-cuse of related judicial officers' violation of law,the right of ob-taining speedy trial,and the right to apply for a bail.

被逮捕者的权利主要包括：不受非法逮捕的权利；要求告知罪名的权利；不证明自己有罪、保持沉默的权利；即刻会见律师或得到司法援助的权利；疾病得到及时救治的权利；得到人道待遇和肉体、精神免遭摧残的权利；控告有关司法人员违法的权利；及时得到审讯的权利；申请保释的权利。

This part mainly deals with the historical background, legislative and judicial practices, essence of agency by estoppel.

本部分考察了表见代理制度产生的历史背景、立法与司法实践概况、表见代理的本质，并对表见代理的立法和司法实践进行了比较研究，认为该制度的产生是经济的、思想的、方法论的产物，是资本主义商品经济发展的必然结果。

On the basis of General Rule of Civil Law and its related provisions on judicial explanation puhlicized by the supreme judicial organ,the paper goes on the issues such as the necessity of the compensation to mental damages in medical accidents,the mustbe followed principles,the compensation bound and the entity who exert the Appeal Right,which contributes to the practice of the prescript of Rule on protecting the legal rights of impairer in medical damages and his relatives as well.

以《民法通则》以及最高司法机关发布的相关司法解释的规定为依据，对医疗事故精神损害赔偿的必要性、应遵循的原则、赔偿的范围以及行使请求权的主体等问题进行论述，使《条例》关于保护医疗损害受害人及其亲属的合法权益的规定在社会生活中得以贯彻和实施。

Because of high professionalism, technicality, definition ambiguous and some problems in evidence and identification, the case of liability for medical malpractice and negligence can not be confirmed and handled by judiciaries since long period of time.

医疗责任事故由于涉及到极强的专业性和技术性，长期以来司法机关对医疗责任事故案件的认定和处理，常常因为对医疗责任事故的界定含混不清，以及受鉴定活动和证据的收集中存在的若干问题的影响导致司法办案人员不能正确的进行立案、起诉和审判活动。

It presents that the theory of fraus omnia corrumpit as theory basement of evasion of law has serious logical paradox and therefore it brings a series of problems in judicial practice. It is neither advantageous in protecting international civil and commercial actors' lawful benefit nor convenient in judicial operation in various countries and causes privity unstable.

指出&欺诈使一切无效&这一法律规避无效论的理论基础存在着重大的逻辑悖论，并由此带来司法实践中一系列的问题，既不利于保护国际民商事当事人的合法权益，也给各国司法带来操作上的困难，从而导致法律关系的不稳定。

O ne refers to that the judgment or resolution made on the litigants is just, whil e the other means that the prosecution process is just to the part ie s concerned, or that the participants of prosecution are fairly treated in the prosecution p rocess. This paper e XP lores the approaches to social stability via judicial just ice.

司法公正本身具有两个方面的含义，具体地说一是指司法机关对诉讼当事人作出的裁决或处理结果是公正的，二是指诉讼活动的过程对有关人员来说是公正的，或者说诉讼参与人在诉讼过程所受到的对待是公正的。

Although the now-existing legal regulations prescribe a limitfor the judicial right operation,the diversity of the social conflicts always,from theoutside of the abstract legal articles,creates crack and space for the willfulness ofjudicial right.

尽管现成的法律规范为司法权力的运行限定了一定的权力范围，但社会冲突的多样性总是在抽象的法律条文之外为司法权力的任意性创造缝隙和余地。

Article 25 Where a judicial authentication institution encounters any especially complex, difficult or special technical problem in the process of authentication, the judicial authentication institution may consult experts in a relevant specialized field who are not employed by this institution, but the final authentication opinions shall be issued by the judicial authenticators of this institution.

第二十五条司法鉴定机构在进行鉴定的过程中，遇有特别复杂、疑难、特殊技术问题的，可以向本机构以外的相关专业领域的专家进行咨询，但最终的鉴定意见应当由本机构的司法鉴定人出具。

In the last part of the dissertation, a new mode of the admissibility of illegal evidence is put forward, based on the Chinese law culture and situation, with the using for reference to the advanced experiences and practices in foreign countries. And then a new proposal of the onus probandi is put forward. The most remarkable features of the dissertation consist of: The one is the comparative method taken in the dissertation, separating the illegal evidences into three kinds: illegal word evidence, illegal object evidence and'the fruit of the poisonous tree', while they are compared by the separation of countries always.

最后，文章提出要根据本国的法律文化传统和法律土壤，借鉴国外的先进经验和作法，并充分考虑当前的法治环境、司法资源及司法机关工作人员的综合素质等因素，设计出符合我国实际情况的非法证据的证据能力模式，并对非法证据的举证责任提出了设想。

A few rules, which are hidebound simple unclear and easy to misunderstand, are made for securing of property before litigation. In the years that the is carried out, the civil entanglement increases day by day, the relation of laws is more and more complicated, which are followed with the establishment of laws and judicature explanation, however, some rules can not keep steps with current situation, which can block the work of securing of property before litigation, since it is not convenient for application of party and bring certain restriction for cognizance.

我国《民事诉讼法》虽然专章规定了保全制度，但保全范围仅限于财产保全，相关规定也仅有六条，且将诉讼保全与诉前保全一并规定，在《最高人民法院关于适用＜中华人民共和国民事诉讼法＞若干问题的意见》也仅规定了十三条，关于诉前财产保全的规定就更是了了无几了，且规定得过于原则、简单、模糊不清，容易产生歧义，《民事诉讼法》施行以来的十几年来，民事纠纷日益增多、法律关系越来越复杂，随之相关法律和司法解释相继出台，但关于诉前保全却仅出台了几个司法解释，没有与当前的形势同步发展，某些规定已有所滞后，使得诉前财产保全的运作存在一定的障碍，既不方便利害关系人申请，也给法院审理带来一定限制。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。