司法的

This dissertation points out, the leading theories concerning formation of the Common Law in the fields of our foreign legal history unduly emphasize source relations between the Common Law and Germanic unwritten law and effects circuit justice make during the times of formation of the Common Law, discussing the problem about formation of the Common Law should be established in the theories on royal jurisdiction and be made around judicial activities of royal courts, especially three center courts.

本文认为，我国外国法制史学界居于主流地位的普通法形成学说过于突出普通法与日耳曼习惯法之间的渊源关系以及巡回审判在普通法形成中所起的作用，对于普通法形成问题的探讨应当立足于国王司法管辖权理论、围绕王室法院尤其是三大普通法法院的司法活动来进行。

The fourth period is from the beginning of this century to present. As a result of the economic development, the situation of judicial practice and the trend of international reform of civil justice, the court conciliation has become a significant judicial measure for the construction of a harmonious society with more regard and new progress.

第四个时期是本世纪以来，由于社会经济的发展，法院诉讼面临的现状和国际民事司法改革总体趋势的影响，法院调解又得到重视和发展，并成为建设和谐社会的重要司法举措。

Lastly, the author introduces the relating judicial interpreting principles guiding the rational determination of the scope of protection of patent and puts forward, after analyzing the judicial practice and inclination regarding the doctrines of equivalents and estoppels, etc.

论文在最后一部分着重分析了专利侵权判定中合理确定专利保护范围的司法解释原则，这些原则是用于调整保护范围的途径，通过分析美国对等同原则、禁止反悔等原则的司法实践及倾向，提出对我国合理确定专利权保护范围的借鉴和思考。

This article puts foreward some proposals of making judicial interpretation system of international private law perfect

本文在对我国国际私法司法解释的价值及其存在的问题进行分析的基础上，提出了完善我国国际私法司法解释体制的建议。

In Chinanearly 100 years,the strategies and techniques of the state governance has experienced different phases:the declination of the centralized feudalistic empire,the onset of the national revolution,the development of the national construction for the different gaols and strategies,the recover of the principle rule by law and the social transformation of the new times.

本文通过对&F高级法院&百年历程的展现，以及中国高级法院运行的制度化特征，讨论&在国家治理方略和技术转型过程中的司法运作&，以期有助于理解、把握和解决新时期司法建设中面临的诸多问题和困难。

If judges can create laws at will beyond or even discarding the spirits and principles of present laws, authority-exceeding as far as arbitrariness of judicature will occur, which over-magnifies the power of judges with civil rights open to the threats of new judge-made law all the time.

如果法官可以超越甚至抛弃现行法律的精神和原则，随心所欲地创造法律，那就会导致司法越权甚至司法专横，这将会使法官的权力过大而使公民的权利随时面临着法官新造之法的威胁。

The fourth part is the core content in this article, in which the writer introduced the counter-domestic violences legislation content as well as the legal problem needed to solve The author has carried on the following exploration to it: First, the author believed that, legislation of the domestic violence must bear the brunt be clear about the limitative definition and the scope of domestic violence. Second, the consummation about legal intervention mechanism of family violence is seriously necessary, so the author introduce some valuable experience about oversea counter-domestic abuse method here, in judicial intervention there are the civil protection command, the appeal system, the judicial correcting and punishment system, the evidence system, and the establishment with special domestic violence court and so on. All are the effective sharp weapon to preventing and controlling domestic violence.

第四部分是本文的核心内容，具体论述了完善反家庭暴力立法和健全家庭暴力法律干预机制需要解决的法律问题，笔者对此进行了如下探索：首先，完善家庭暴力立法应当首当其冲明确界定家庭暴力的定义和范围；其次，笔者从民事、刑事救济两方面论述了健全家庭暴力法律干预机制，必须借鉴国外反家庭暴力法的一些宝贵经验，其中司法干预中制定民事保护令，公诉制度，司法矫治处分制度，证据制度、和设立专门家庭暴力法庭等都是有效防治家庭暴力的利器。

When it comes to sentencing, we must understand that judiciary sovereign means the judge should only take on board prevailing legislation, preceding law cases, the legal circumstance and implication of the concerned case and victimised party alone, rather than making any reference or concession to the media pressure or community concern.

至於量刑方面，司法独立是表明法官只受过去案例及法律条文规定，按照他对案件的理解，以及所犯案件带来的影响，及对受害者的伤害而决定，而非受舆论压力所支配。因此认为法官会因为社区的关注而作出不同量刑决定是对司法制度的不了解。

The cost of the litigation parties, such as the payment for the lawyers, the judicial authentication, the traffic and the telecommunication fee for the testifiers, the courts and themselves, is called the private expenditure.

国家用于民事诉讼业务的财政预算，如法官的薪金、法院房舍、公务设备、办公费用等，称作公共成本；诉讼当事人个人为取得个案司法保护所承担的资源耗费支出，如当事人聘请律师、取得司法鉴定、支付给证人、支付给法院以及当事人自己的交通、通讯费等，称作私人成本。

The two is, in order to advance the legislation and improve the justice practice, proposals of the onus probandi is offered in the dissertation, after the mode of Chinese illegal evidence is put forward. And the author wishes that the dissertation can bring some meaning to the justice practice.

二本文以促进我国相关立法和司法实践改善为目的，在提出了建立我国非法证据的证据能力模式的同时，对非法证据的举证责任也提出了自己的设想，以期能够产生司法实践意义。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。