司法的

Through legislation or prejudication of the court, most countries build up their characteristic standards on judicial review of administrative acts, and generally set up judicial review system to restrict the use of administrative discretion.

大多数国家都通过立法或法院判例确立了各具特色的对行政行为进行司法审查的标准，并普遍设立了司法审查制度，对行政自由裁量权的行使进行制约。

In recent years,judicial unjustness has become a hot topic.

近年来，司法不公成了一个热门话题，监督是各级人大的一项重要工作，个案监督则是多年来地方人大及其常委会在实践中探索、创造的一种监督形式，司法机关由于各种原因，特别是法院会办错案造成个案的不公正、不正义。

Under the circumstance, to renew the traditional judicial must deepen the reform on professionalism, specialization, and standardization. On the other hand, resolves the problems following with the excessively bureaucratizing, such as democracy, hierarchy and so on. These tracks include to flat the judicial tissue, improve the democratic participation, decentralize power scientifically for sharing equally in all steps in trial system.

针对我国国情，在对传统司法组织进行改造时，一方面应当继续深化职业化、专业化和规范化改革，另一方面则应当努力解决过度官僚化带来的问题，如民主问题、等级问题等，这些解决途径主要包括：对司法组织进行&扁平化&改造；提高诉讼的民主参与程度；科学分权，均衡各层级法院的权力等。

The first part investigates the fundamental issues of the judicial democracy, connoting the definition, characteristics, historical evolution, philosophical foundations, and research value of the judicial democracy, laying the theoretical foundation for the analysis below.

分析公开审判以及陪审制如何体现司法民主的要求和理念，同时，结合我国的公开审判与陪审制进行论述。第三部分阐述司法民主的具体展现形式之二：法官选任、合议制与专家证人。

Judicatory actualization of constitution includes two aspects: first, judicature censor to law, statute and decision, order of sanction at larger which infracting the constitution; second , on the condition of lacking common law and of people' s basic right be infracted, applying constitution criterion to judge.

宪法司法化具体包括两方面内涵：一是对法律、法规以及具有普遍约束力的决定和命令进行违宪的司法审查；二是在公民基本权利受到侵害而普通法律缺位的情况下提起宪法诉讼，并在具体案件中适用宪法规范作判决。

This paper attempts to explore the establishment of incentive of control rights in the legal mechanism to encourage the integration of intrinsic and extrinsic incentives to motivate judiciaries to establish good reputation.

本论文尝试探索建立起对司法者的控制权激励，在法律机制下实行隐性激励与显性激励的结合，使司法者有积极性建立良好的信誉。

If they have any other power or jurisdiction, in hearing and judging certain cases, as of matrimony or of tithes, etc., they have it by human right, in which matters princes are bound, even against their will, when the ordinaries fail, to dispense justice to their subjects for the maintenance of peace.

如果他们有任何其他权力或司法管辖权，在听证会来看，某些情况下，作为婚姻关系，或tithes等，他们有它的人权，在哪些事项王子的约束，甚至违背他们的意愿，当普通失败，免除司法，以学科为维持和平。

In order to coordinate with the regulation of WTO, under the condition of the judicial mechanism of our country at present, can be through stipulating and perfecting the judicial review of administrative activity and checking r

为与WTO的规定相协调，在目前我国司法体制的条件下，可以通过在相关法律中以特别条款的形式予以规定以及完善行政行为司法审查相关制度等方式解决。

In order to coordinate with the regulation of WTO, under the condition of the judicial mechanism of our country at present, can be through stipulating and perfecting the judicial review of administrative activity and checking relevant systems etc.

为与WTO的规定相协调，在目前我国司法体制的条件下，可以通过在相关法律中以特别条款的形式予以规定以及完善行政行为司法审查相关制度等方式解决。

Criminal and Punishment of Local Officers in Qin State Reflected in The Bamboo Books of Qin Tomb Found in Sui Hudi;2. In the Spring-Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the prosecution system in Chu State and Qin State was quite mature.

在春秋战国时期，楚国和秦国的起诉制度已相当完备，如起诉形式已有了公诉与自诉之分，自诉案件中出现了本诉与反诉，司法机构受理起诉的条件也有了制度性规定，起诉与受理阶段还制作了相当规范的司法文书。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。