司法的

This thesis takes the practical reason of Marxism as the philosophical foundation, adopts other views of properness critically and explores the judicial reason in judicial practice i.e...

司法理性的评价标准是指客观评价司法理性的准则，它应当包括：程序合法标准，即法官的审判行为和司法行为必须符合程序法的规定；证据充分标准，即法官据以作出裁判的证据应当充分到足以令其产生内心确信的程度；论证合理标准，即法官对其认定事实、适用法律、以及处理结果的正当性进行合理的解释和论证；结果公正标准，即实现"法律之内的正义"。

On October the 24-th, 1991 by the initiative of the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation -- the highest legislative body of the country at that time, approved the Conception of the Judicial Reform for the Russian Federation.

1991年叶利钦启动了俄罗斯司法改革，俄罗斯重要的司法改革从此启动，例如，非常暴力犯罪的死刑，建立宪法法院，法官终身制等。可以说，在苏联的党主一切的前提下，没有空间进行司法独立的改革的。

The first part is reform of test-taking qualification:in 2002(Heisei Year 14),the test-taking qualification of judicial examination was legally amended;a...

改革的目的是将原来的选拔型方式的司法考试制度改为教育培养型的制度，注重通过法学教育过程、司法考试、司法实习的有机结合，来确保职业法律人才的素质。

The subject matter of standing in administrative litigation,which is mainly about the judicial protection of "individuals"aggrieved by an alleged misuse of administrative power ,is itself an area where the characteristics and basic trend of the constitutionalization of socialist China are vividly demonstrated.

设立原告资格所要解决的问题是具备何种条件的主体可以成为原告。依据《布莱克法律大辞典》的解释，原告资格又称为&起诉资格&，是指某人在司法性争端中所享有的将该争端诉诸司法程序的足够的利益，其中心课题是确定司法争端对起诉人的影响是否充分。

Finally, according to the two aspects of the certain requirements and judicial practice of didymous crimes of giving a bribe and accepting a bribe, the author puts forward that the restructure of Chinese criminal policy on crime of givinga bribe should be realized from "severe criminal law but incomplete definitions" to "complete definitions but not severe criminal law".

其次从&不正当&、&法律、法规、国家政策和国务院各部门规章&、&不确定利益&和目前对&不正当利益&的界定面临的困惑等角度，阐述了对&两高&司法解释中关于&谋取不正当利益&规定的理解和认识，以便于司法实践中的运用，同时论述了&不正当利益&在理论上存在的问题和给司法实践造成的混乱。

The Chinese judicial interpretation, because of the ancient clan system grade idea and the thought of the "imperatorial power highest" and the influence of the current system, lacks the organism contact with concrete case law application. And the judicial interpretation separate alienation performance as a kind of independent power with judicial power, not the means to conducting and realizing the purpose of law application.

中国的司法解释，由于受宗法等级观念和&皇权至上&的思想以及现行制度体制的影响，司法解释与具体案件法律适用缺乏有机联系，而且司法解释与司法权相分离，异化表现为一种独立的权力，而不是作为实现法律适用目的的手段。

Mainly to analyze the value orientation of the system, part three,"Analysis of the Values of the National Judicial Examination System of China", not only furthered the study into legal specialization, legal munity as well as legal governmentalization, but also discussed the function of the examination system during the cause of constructing political civilization from the perspective of legal governance

第三部分&我国司法考试制度的价值透析&，主要剖析我国司法考试制度的价值导向，在现有成果的基础上进一步深化对法律专业化、法律共同体、法律治理化等问题的研究，并从国家治理的角度探讨了司法考试制度在我国政治文明建设中的作用

At present, it is the focus of the judicial reform in our country. But the jurisdiction must be supervised because of the theoretic facts such as the idea of judicial justice, the power character of the jurisdiction and the subjectivity of the trial procedure. In the practice, the supervision to the jurisdiction is necessary because of the low-level quality of the judiciaries and the lots of judicial corruption phenomena.

实现审判独立无疑是我国当前司法改革的关键所在，但审判独立不是绝对的独立，司法公正理念的根本要求、审判权的权力本性、审判权运行过程的主观性等三个方面决定了必须对审判权实施监督；而我国目前法官队伍的素质不高、司法腐败现象普遍等也决定了必须对审判权实施监督。

It destroys the separation of judicial knowledge between appellate and first trial court,the separation of know ledge between judicature and other authorities,and is unlikely to make substantial contribution to the formation of judicial know ledge tradition.

从知识的角度来看，这破坏了上诉审与初审司法知识的分工，以及司法与其他部门知识的分工，不利于司法知识传统的形成；同时也强化了上级法院对下级法院的控制，以及法院与其他部门的同质化。

Trader consents and submits to, and waives any and all objections Trader may have to such venue, and further agrees to waive and forego any right Trader may have to transfer or change the venue of any action or proceeding encompassed hereby; and, Trader consents and submits to the jurisdiction of any local, state or federal court located within New York County, State of New York in any action or proceeding arising directly or indirectly hereunder or in connection with the transaction hereby, whether brought by Trader or CMS.

交易人同意并放弃任何转移或改变有关诉讼或程序执行司法管辖地的权利。交易人同意在任何直接或间接由于本协议涵盖的交易的纠纷所引起的、由交易人或CMS提起的、司法或行政诉讼或程序中接受纽约州纽约郡任何地方、州或联邦法院的司法管辖权。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。