司法权

The Chinese judicial power study should be centered on the supervision and restriction of judicial power.

这就决定了，研究中国的司法权问题，必须且不能不将司法权的监督与制约问题摆在中心的位置。

So,in order to establish an effective judicial system with a Chinese character and form a strong judicial power with reason and democracy as the soul and value orientation.safeguarding the social stabilization and social harmonization basing on the reason and democracy will inevitably be the starting point and terminal point of Chinese judicial power study.

因此，建设一个具有中国特色的有效的司法制度，形成一个以理性与民主精神为灵魂和价值取向的强大的司法权，维护理性与民主基础上的社会稳定与社会和谐，必然是研究中国司法权问题的出发点和归宿点。

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity\'s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity\'s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianity\'s exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity"s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity"s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianitys exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

The subject matter of standing in administrative litigation,which is mainly about the judicial protection of "individuals"aggrieved by an alleged misuse of administrative power ,is itself an area where the characteristics and basic trend of the constitutionalization of socialist China are vividly demonstrated.

内容摘要：内容提要：行政诉讼原告资格所关注的对象主要是公民权益受到行政权侵犯后寻求司法权保护的问题。但行政诉讼原内容提要：行政诉讼原告资格所关注的对象主要是公民权益受到行政权侵犯后寻求司法权保护的问题。但行政诉讼原告资格本身也是一个&场&，它向我们提供了社会主义中国宪政化的特性和基本走势。

The subject matter of standing in administrative litigation,which; is mainly about the judicial protection; of "individuals"aggrieved by an alleged; misuse of administrative power ,is;; itself; an area where the characteristics and basic trend of the constitutionalization of socialist; China;; are vividly demonstrated.

内容提要：行政诉讼原告资格所关注的对象主要是公民权益受到行政权侵犯后寻求司法权保护的问题。但行政诉讼原告资格本身也是一个&内容提要：行政诉讼原告资格所关注的对象主要是公民权益受到行政权侵犯后寻求司法权保护的问题。但行政诉讼原告资格本身也是一个&场，它向我们提供了社会主义中国宪政化的特性和基本走势。

We have made a special way to establish imperia,which is different from the way going along the direct.on of the rule by law in the western countries.

与西方国家沿着司法权的法治化发展方向不同，我国走向了一条突出人民权力的至高无上性建构司法权的道路。

If a person fails to satisfy a judgement made by the court within the stipulated time, the court will, upon application by either party, mandatorily enforce the judgement.

合同各方亦可通过明示的同意选择提起民事诉讼的司法权区，但该司法权区应为原告或被告的居住地、合同签署或履行地或行为目标的所在地。

Quasi judicial power means the power used by the Administration organization to solve dispute by the way of the judicatory.

准司法权，是指行使一定司法职能的行政机关、采用了司法权的纠纷解决机制的方法、功能，用以解决纠纷的权力。

Law clinicsoperate in many different jurisdictions with any number of different social, political, economic and environmental challenges.

法律诊所是在许多不同的司法权下运行的，而这些司法权又伴随着许多不同的社会、政治、经济和环境方面的挑战。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐