司法制度

Litigating jurisdiction is the first lifeline of civil judicial justice.

诉讼管辖是民事司法公正的第一道生命线，专利侵权民事诉讼的复杂性、特殊性导致其管辖制度的缺陷在所难免。

The principle of presumption of innocence is one of the most important principles in western criminal procedure system.

无罪推定原则是西方刑事诉讼制度中的一项重要原则，其在西方国家刑事司法历史发展中逐渐形成并不断完善。

From the view of civil litigation, in order to provide the weak the opportunity to approach to judicial process and justice, we are bound to reform and perfect legal system, make reasonable choice of multiple mutes to protect legal benefits and construct systematic dispute settlement body.

从民事诉讼的视角看，欲为弱势群体提供接近司法、接近正义的机会，必须改革和完善法律援助制度、合理选择扩散性利益保护路径以及系统构建解纷机制体系。

The status and function of sentencing circumstances determine that they are the base in criminal law theory.

量刑情节是我国刑法中刑罚制度的一个重要问题，也是刑法理论和司法实践中的难题。

What is the actual situation and real effect of China's trial system of people's assessors in judicial practices?

中国陪审制度在司法实践中的独特性和具体运行情况究竟如何？

This system consists of jury system in common law system and trial system of people's assessors in continental law system.

对于陪审制度的存废以及如何改革等在法学理论界和司法实务界产生了激烈的争论。

After the establishment of PRC, for the lack of corresponding legal system, the need of judicial officials and the improper orientation of the People's Court, court conciliation was still first choice in civil trial.

在第二个时期，建国后的民事审判因当时法律制度的缺位、司法人员的稀缺及人民法院的功能定位等因素，法院调解依然是解决民事审判方式的首选。

The concrete construction for the functioning procedure of the criminal reconciliation must clear the auspices of the criminal settlement, the application stage, the scope of the case and the principle"s committees of mediation, the conciliation of public security organs, the mediation of procurational organs, and the conciliation of the executive for court penalties, each of which has it"s specific operational mode, and different models have different approaches, thereby an entire criminal reconciliation with characteristics in China will be established, which contributes to fulfilling the justice without any loss truly.

我们国家要确立的刑事和解是从人民调解委员会调解、公安机关调解、检察机关调解、人民法院调解直至刑罚执行机关调解的全过程调解，并且每个环节都有具体的操作模式，不同的模式有不同的处理方式，从而构建起完整的有中国特色的刑事和解制度，真正实现刑事司法&无害的正义&。

The "Amicus curiae" system has become an indispensable element for the adversarial system of litigation culture in Britain and the U.S.

&法庭之友&制度有助于法庭作出符合社会公正价值愿望的裁判，提升司法民主化，已成为英美对抗制诉讼文化不可或缺的重要组成部分。

It introduces the evolution of contracting obligation and significance of the establishment of it in Contract Law, It elaborates the theoretical foundation of it , discusses its components from five aspects It annualizes and explores the concrete forms ,scope of compensation and prescription system from the aspects of legislation theory and judicial practice.

介绍了缔约责任的历史沿革以及我国《合同法》确立缔约责任的意义，对缔约责任的理论基础予以阐述；并从五个方面论述了缔约责任的构成要件，还试从立法、学说和司法实践的角度，对缔约责任适用的具体类型、赔偿范围以及时效制度等方面进行分析和探讨。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。