司法制度

Through legislation or prejudication of the court, most countries build up their characteristic standards on judicial review of administrative acts, and generally set up judicial review system to restrict the use of administrative discretion.

大多数国家都通过立法或法院判例确立了各具特色的对行政行为进行司法审查的标准，并普遍设立了司法审查制度，对行政自由裁量权的行使进行制约。

Nevertheless, there are still some primary obstacles to the adequacy of remedies:(1) the disintegrated statute;(2) the rigescence of the remedies;(3) the limitation of the judicial resources to courts;(4) the imperfect procedure system.

然而，就发挥司法救济的充分性而言，法院仍面临着以下主要障碍：不完整的制定法；救济方法的僵化；法院获取司法资源的局限；不完善的程序制度。

According to the classification of organization, structure rule and action structure and using the Court as the object, the author has his suggestion on solving the problems existing in our country\'s administrative structure and on how to structuralize the system.

按照行政诉讼的组织结构、规则结构、行为结构的分类，以法院为对象对国行政诉讼组织结构存在的问题和制度重构提出了自己的主张，提出应当以司法独立为目标，进行司法体制改革；以权益保障为目标完善行政诉讼规则结构；以促进社会和谐为追求，建立科学合理的行政诉讼行为结构。

The criminal prosecutorial protest is of critical importance to ensuring judicial justice,but there are some defects in current system,such as indefinite premise of instituting an action,unperfected procedure,and the defect of protecting victim s interest,etc.,by which the power and authority of criminal prosecutorial protest has been restricted.

多年的刑事抗诉司法实践以无可争辩的事实，证明了其在保障司法公正等方面具有不可替代的作用，但是现有刑事抗诉制度也存在提起条件不明确、履行抗诉的程序不完善以及对被害人权益保护功能发挥不足等一系列问题。

The criminal prosecutorial protest is of critical importance to ensuring judicial justice,but there are some defects in current system,such as indefinite premise of instituting an action,unperfected procedure,and the defect of protecting victim's interest,etc,by which the power and authority of criminal prosecutorial protest has been restricted.

多年的刑事杭诉司法实践以无可争辫的事实，证明了其在保降司法公正等方面其有不可替代的作用，但是现有刑事抗诉制度也存在提起条件不明确、及行抗诉的程序不完善以及对被害人权益保护功能发挥不足争一系列问题。

During our discussion, we may find out the problem of its operation. Currently, our nation's operation is based on Judicial Yuan's Meeting on February 7 , 2002 for the nationwide court's chief and Forum on judicial business, as well as Taiwan's Superior Court's criminal chief judge's decision on April 25, 2002, and also Ministry of Justice's No. 910800949 attached letter of March 7, 2002—A reference principle for prosecutors' institution to manage affairs corresponding to the modification of partial criminal litigation act. Currently, the entire operation of setting for trial goes smoothly. The most important part is Chapter Six, whose point of view is from the aspect of practical operation. And it amasses the information about the decision of setting for trial from twenty-one local courts nationwide. This chapter will explore the effect of its concrete operation and analyze it synthetically with statistics.

在介绍过程即可发现现行实务运作所衍生之问题何在，而目前我国实务之运作均以司法院九十一年二月七日所召开之全国各级法院首长司法业务座谈会之决议及九十一年四月二十五日台湾高等法院刑事庭长会议之决议，暨法务部九十一年三月七日九十一年度法检字第九一0八00九四九号函之附件「检察机关因应刑事诉讼法部分条文修正办理事项参考原则」之内容为依据，目前整个声请交付审判制度之运作尚称正常顺利。

The final direction of this thesis is a practical institutional design: it gives an overall summary of important cases and rules of the relation betweens judiciary and mass media in Supreme Court of the United States in the recent two centuries, while anatomizing the actuality of judiciary and media in current China.

本文最后指向一种实用性的制度设计：全面总结了美国联邦最高法院二百年来处理法庭与传媒关系的规则发展，又针对性剖析了我国&司法&与&传媒&两界的现状，在比较研究之后提出了我国完善司法与传媒关系的法庭规则的立法方式、立法原则和具体规范设计。

On the other hand, excessively bureaucratizing will makes for many questions, such as going against the social request to judicial democracy, discouraging the trial system work normally, producing new the crisis on justice, and decreasing wholly the efficiency of judgement.

但过分&官僚化&则会产生更多问题，如与司法民主的社会诉求相悖，影响审级制度的正常运行，制造新的公正危机，并从整体上降低司法审判的效率。

At present, people gradually realize that all kinds of human rights as integrity has mutual relation, liberal rights and social rights are not two insolated rights, and one could not been protected through separating oneself from another. So, judicial remedy of social rights included class action,social interpretation about civil and citizen rights as well as factual judicial protection of social rights by affirmative action has been generated in some countries and regions.

目前，人们逐渐认识到作为整体的人的各种权利具有相互关联性，自由权与社会权不是孤立的两类存在，无法脱离其中的一类权利来抽象地保护另一类权利，于是，一些国家和地区在可能的范围内发展了社会权利的司法救济，包括集体申诉制度、对公民和政治权利的社会性解释、通过肯定性救济手段给予社会权利以事实上的司法保护与公益诉讼等形式。

At present, people gradually realize that all kinds of human rights as integrity has mutual relation, liberal rights and social right are not two insolated right, and one could not been protected through separating oneself from another. So, judicial remedy of social rights included class action, social interpretation about civil and citizen rights as well as factual judicial protection of social rights by affirmative action has been generated in some countries and regions.

目前，人们逐渐认识到作为整体的人的各种权利具有相互关联性，自由权与社会权不是孤立的两类存在，无法脱离其中的一类权利来抽象地保护另一类权利，于是，一些国家和地区在可能的范围内发展了社会权的司法救济，包括集体申诉制度、对公民和政治权利的社会性解释、通过肯定性救济手段给予社会权利以事实上的司法保护与公益诉讼等形式。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。