司法制度

If transplantation at jurisdiction, how does Chinese judger apply it by considering the factor that constructive trust itself is a product of judger's judicial discretion on Equity?

是在立法层面移植还是在司法层面移植？如在司法层面移植，它本身作为衡平法制度下自由心证的产物，如何为中国法官所适用？

After the standard is established ,in order to bring the purpose and guiding sense into the play ,it must be transformed to fact-judged in the justiciary practice ,we must have a correct understanding and assurance to the standard ,and a system to assure the standard is achieved .

证明标准确立以后，为发挥设置它的目的和对实际的指导意义，还必须在司法实践层面上，将其转化为具体的事实认定，这就必须要有一个对证明标准的正确理解和把握，及建立一个保障证明标准司法兑现的制度和机制。

However, on account of these facts that the defects in the legislation of civil procedural law; the negligence of witness appearing in court in judicial practice and little research on the system of witnesses in theory, the phenomenon that witnesses who refuse to give evidence or perjure or refuse

但长期以来，由于我国民事诉讼立法的疏漏、司法实践对证人出庭作证缺乏足够的重视以及理论上对证人制度鲜有深入探讨等原因，导致证人拒不作证、拒不出庭、作伪证以及证言反复等现象普遍存在，成为制约我国司法改革进一步深入的一大瓶颈。

American constitutional lawsuit pokey has reflected the notion of check and balance of power and has realized a dynamic check and balance of power through the practice of judicial activism or judicial restraint in the process of constitutional lawsuit in American courts.especially the Supreme Court.

美国的宪法诉讼制度实现了权力制衡的宪政理念，并通过法院尤其是联邦最高法院在宪法诉讼过程中采取司法能动主义或司法节制的立场实现了权力的动态制衡，使宪法诉讼成为权力制衡的一种有效和有力的手段。

These problems are derived from legislative defect and insufficiency of judicial resource;therefore the system of recognizance on bail should be reforme...

立法上的缺失以及司法资源的匮乏直接导致我国取保候审制度在司法实践中的种种弊病。

Criminal retrial system is a kind of special relief procedure to rehear the already effective umpire in order to correct the judicial inaccuracy and protect the judicial fairness and authority.

刑事再审制度是为了纠正司法错误、维护司法公正和权威而对已经生效的裁判进行再次审理的一种特殊救济程序。

As a unique legal system in the contemporary international judicial realm, the preliminary adjudicative system , what was established by the European Union, play a really important role in the performance of judicial function of the European Court of Justice.

作为当代国际司法领域中的一种独一无二的法律机制，欧盟确立的初步裁决制度对欧洲法院充分实现其司法职能发挥了不可替代的作用。

With regard to the fact that there is neither complete legal system nor independent substantive law or procedural one against juvenile criminality,it is necessary for judicial offices of different levels to perfect the judicial remedy,such as juvenile court system and suspending proceedings system.Other ways include:to change the state of single criminal,to break through the limits of single trial and to reassess the judge determination system and the juage's practice of abandoning designative jurisdiction,etc.

鉴于目前我国法律对未成年人犯罪问题尚未形成完整的法律体系，还没有独立的未成年人犯罪实体法和程序法，需要各级司法机关进一步探索完善未成年犯罪的司法救济体系，比如少年法庭体系，暂缓起诉制度，改变刑事单一化的现状，突破审判单一化的局限，重新确定法官评价体系及法官职能摈弃指定管辖的做法等。

In order to solving the actual problems in China, the fourth partpays attention to the present condition of the relations between freedom of press and judicial justice at first, then carefully examines "mediajudgment" from another angle, and take the "Xinghua-Qiu case" as anexample to dialyze the impact to judicature which is brought by newsreport and public opinion.

对应然的研究是为了指导实然，本文第四部分立足于解决中国的传媒与司法关系紧张的实际问题，进一步观察总结当前中国的状况，对照参考别国经验，以求在这两者之关系上作出更为合理的制度安排，从而促进新闻自由与司法公正在中国得到更广泛的认同与更切实的保障。

Then the author contrast such system with those in the Taiwan, Hong Kong and overseas. Finally, the author analyzes those problems existed in the system of nonprosecution in our country, analyzes the theoretical value and significance of the System, and suggests some idea and advice to consummate the current system of nonprosecution.

结合司法工作实践，提出了该制度在法律规定及司法实践中存在的问题，从法律修改的角度针对存在的问题提出了完善建议，在转变执法观念改革创新、增设不起诉听政程序、不起诉决定作出后的善后处理等方面提出了自己独特的观点。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。