司法制度

The author mainly presents his ideas in this thesis from the following aspects: To perfect Chinese sports law, China should have its own sports arbitration system so that the law could catch up with the development of Chinese sports and international sports as well; Sports arbitration should aim at fairness and effectiveness; The popularity of sports arbitration institutions and the lawfulness of arbitration procedures and verdict effect make sports arbitration quasi-judicial; As long as sports arbitration is listed in the regulations of sports organizations, it could be applied for its compulsiveness; Sports arbitration is supposed to address the disputes caused by the disciplinary punishment, and that caused by the such major problems like the registration, circulation, and qualifications of the sportsman, and disputes caused by the contracts in sports activities; Mediation procedure and immediate arbitration procedure should be given special attention in the establishment of arbitration procedures; Sports arbitrators should be neutral in solving disputes, and should be a qualified sports worker.

本文认为，为完善中国体育法制建设，适应中国竞技体育发展的实际需求并与国际惯例接轨，中国应尽快设立体育仲裁制度；体育仲裁的价值目标应该是公正和效益；体育仲裁机构的民间性及仲裁程序和裁决效力的司法性，使得体育仲裁的性质具有准司法性；体育仲裁具有强制性的特征，只要体育组织的章程中有体育仲裁的规定，即可申请体育仲裁；体育仲裁的范围应限于竞技体育领域中因体育组织的纪律处罚所引起的纠纷，因运动员注册、流动、转会以及参赛资格等体育专业问题所引起的纠纷，因竞技体育活动中的合同关系所引起的纠纷。体育仲裁的程序建构要突出调解程序和快速仲裁程序；体育仲裁员必须确保中立并且其素质群中还应具备体育知识的素质。

This article holds that it is the key to the question how can the Constitution keep authentic and efficacious to install a kind of judicial control of constitutionality, otherwise we will be unable to overcome shortcomings of the constitutional law without the constitutionalist spirit.

本文认为，切实保障宪法效力的关键是建立司法性质的合宪审查制度，否则"有宪法、无宪政"的时弊就不可能得到匡正，因此，应该以最高人民法院2001年第25号司法解释允许援引宪法处理诉讼案件的划时代转折为契机，正式承认宪法诉讼。

This article holds that it is the key to the question how can the Constitution keep authentic and efficacious to install a kind of judicial control of constitutionality, otherwise we will be unable to overcome shortcomings of the constitutional law without the constitutionalist spirit. Therefore, the next step of legal reform in China today should be the official recognition of constitutional litigation.

本文认为，切实保障宪法效力的关键是建立司法性质的合宪审查制度，否则"有宪法、无宪政"的时弊就不可能得到匡正，因此，应该以最高人民法院2001年第25号司法解释允许援引宪法处理诉讼案件的划时代转折为契机，正式承认宪法诉讼。

In the second chapter, using contradistinctive tact, analyzed similarities and differences of the judicial protection institution on citizen's basic constitutional rights of China and foreign countries. Learned from others' strengths to offset one's weaknesses, using these a s references to perfect the judicial protection on citizen's basic constitutional rights.

第二章，采用对比的手法，分析中外公民基本权利的司法保障制度的异同，取人之长，弃人之短，为完善我国公民基本权利司法保护提供参考与借鉴。

In the second chapter, using contradistinctive tact, analyzed similarities and differences of the judicial protection institution on citizen"s basic constitutional rights of China and foreign countries. Learned from others" strengths to offset one"s weaknesses, using these as references to perfect the judicial protection on citizen"s basic constitutional rights.

第二章，采用对比的手法，分析中外公民基本权利的司法保障制度的异同，取人之长，弃人之短，为完善我国公民基本权利司法保护提供参考与借鉴。

For instance, the forms of prosecution were classified as public prosecution and private prosecution; charge and countercharge appeared in private prosecution; the system about qualifications of accepting and hearing a case was established; and judicatory writs were made.

在春秋战国时期，楚国和秦国的起诉制度已相当完备，如起诉形式已有了公诉与自诉之分，自诉案件中出现了本诉与反诉，司法机构受理起诉的条件也有了制度性规定，起诉与受理阶段还制作了相当规范的司法文书。

The deep level value and the judicial significance in this system are also worth considering, the conflicts of the different interests, the request of goal penalty theory, playing up to the penalty individualizing thoughts 、 the stability of the crim inal prosecution procedure and the public interest principle, and it is advantageous to the reasonable use of justice resources as to realize lawsuit efficiency.

蕴藏在该不起诉制度中的深层次价值和司法意义也是值得思考的问题，各种利益冲突的权衡—符合公共利益原则、目的刑罚的要求、符合刑罚个别化的思想、有利于合理使用司法资源，实现诉讼效率价值、体现刑事程序的安定性都是她的价值所在。

The object of the criminal justice is the criminal, who is the entia of malefaction and criminal personality.

将犯罪人的犯罪人格贯串到刑事司法活动的始终，是摆脱行为刑法制度的司法机械化弊端的必由之路，符合现代刑法的人性化、人道化发展方向。

It is the fundamental principle of ruling of law and democratic expression.

司法独立是司法权由司法机关独立行使的法治原则和制度，它是法治的基本原则，是民主的表现形式。

Because of the same clan and origin of political culture and the intercommunity of legal institution passing—on,the judicial interpretation of Taiwan area can be the reference of China's judicial interpretation system reform and even the whole legal interpretation system reform.

两岸政治文化传统上的同宗同源以及法律制度与精神上的传承关系的共同性，决定了台湾地区的司法解释体制可以成为我国司法解释乃至整个法律解释体制改革的他山之石。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。