司法制度

As the core of expert testing system, judicial appraiser is the focus of the reform.

作为司法鉴定制度的核心，鉴定人制度的改革与完善必然在司法鉴定制度的改革中起著举足轻重的作用。

However, the current system of criminal expert evaluation in China has a crucial problem, which in some degree affects the fairness of justice. In the relevant legislation of China, the start-up rights of expert evaluation are totally under the control of investigative organizations and judicial organizations. The experts of criminal expert evaluation under above-mentioned organizations result in the deficiency of the ability of the evidence and the effects of the evidence. Under such circumstance, the manifoldness and dispersion of the system of criminal expert evaluation in theory change into unification and centralization.

但是，我国现行的刑事司法鉴定制度存在严重问题，并在一定程度上影响了司法公正，在我国的相关立法中，鉴定启动权完全掌控在侦查机关和司法机关，刑事鉴定人身份机关化使刑事鉴定的证据能力和证据效力存在缺陷，刑事司法鉴定体制由理论上的"多元"和"分散"异化为实践中的"一元"和"集中"。

It had been abolished in the end of Qing Dynasty with the influence of the western legal conception . Though the development of inquisition by torture , we can find three complications that make it overrun in the archaic law : Our traditional legal concept , the law principle of "guilty presumption" and the distemperedness of supervise system .

通过对刑讯制度三千年来发展轨迹的研究，我们认为导致古代司法活动中刑讯泛滥的主要原因有以下三个方面：一是传统司法理念忽视诉讼当事人的合法权利；二是古代司法活动遵循的是&有罪推定&的原则和&罪从供定&的证据规则；三是司法权力过于集中、司法监督力度的薄弱。

To deepen the reform of the judicial system, courts at various levels have strengthened the administration of justice and law enforcement, actively implemented the system of choosing and appointing presiding judges and individual jurors, fully carried out the system of public adjudication, perfected the judicial rehabilitation system, and further intensified the internal supervisory and circumscribing mechanism of the courts and the mechanism for correcting errors, thereby effectively safeguarding impartial justice.

各级法院深化司法体制改革，加强审判和执行工作，积极推行审判长和独任审判员选任制，全面落实公开审判制度，完善司法救助制度，进一步强化法院内部监督制约机制和纠错机制，有效地维护了司法公正。

Basing on the commentating on these articles both of the Contract Law together with its statutory construction and Civil Law of PRC together with its statutory construction which are the main proportions of the legal system, the paper gives out the configuration of the legal system, and focuses on the imperfect part of the system such as the time limit of the indefinitely-effected contract, the right of contract to alter, the right of contract to rescind etc..

本文通过对于参与构建这一法律制度体系的《合同法》及其司法解释、《民法通则》及其司法解释中相关条款的解析，较为全面地阐述了该体系的总体架构，并在此基础上着重论述了其中一些尚有待完善的地方，包括：效力未定合同制度中撤销权设置的合理性、催告对象的确定、设立效力未定期限的必要性以及可变更撤销合同制度中重大误解的界定、选择变更权的缺陷、更合理地设置除斥期间等。

It is different from the past which treat the incentives of judiciaries as a subsidiary method of judiciaries' management or a subsidiary means of governance.

基于司法公正实质是一种社会信任，该信任来源于司法者的行为、信誉和特定制度，但现实中司法者亦会采取自利的方式行事，司法过程存在高昂代理成本，故决定了对司法者需要施以激励为核心的治理或管理。

But for a long time , there exist many abuses such as insufficient of legal norms ,disorder in administrative system, absent of supervision and administration ,uncertain of legal obligation. They have damaged the scientific ,objective ,authoritative nature of forensic science, brought about the public oppugning for forensic science , debased the public credits to forensic science .Furthermore , these abuses have prevented the litigious activities fromprocessing smoothly and the aim of forensic science system-servelitigation ,promote judicial justice-from being achieved.

但是，长期以来我国司法鉴定体制存在法律规范不足、管理体制混乱、技术标准不统一、监督管理缺失、法律责任不清等诸多制度弊端，损害了司法鉴定的科学性、客观性和权威性，引起社会公众对司法鉴定工作的质疑，降低了司法鉴定的社会公信力，并进而影响了诉讼活动的顺利进行，影响了司法鉴定服务于诉讼、促进司法公正目的的实现。

From the perspective of judicial modernization, by reviewing the hundred-year devious course of the judicial independence of China in the 20th century, the formation and establishment of the idea of the judicial independence in modern China has been outlined.

以司法现代化为视角，考察 2 0世纪中国司法独立的百年曲折历程，勾勒近现代中国司法独立思想的形成与确立；从清末变法修律这一司法现代化的历史起点，探讨中国司法独立的制度发端及其得失；分析其内在矛盾及其制约因素。

The fourth part is the core content in this article, in which the writer introduced the counter-domestic violences legislation content as well as the legal problem needed to solve The author has carried on the following exploration to it: First, the author believed that, legislation of the domestic violence must bear the brunt be clear about the limitative definition and the scope of domestic violence. Second, the consummation about legal intervention mechanism of family violence is seriously necessary, so the author introduce some valuable experience about oversea counter-domestic abuse method here, in judicial intervention there are the civil protection command, the appeal system, the judicial correcting and punishment system, the evidence system, and the establishment with special domestic violence court and so on. All are the effective sharp weapon to preventing and controlling domestic violence.

第四部分是本文的核心内容，具体论述了完善反家庭暴力立法和健全家庭暴力法律干预机制需要解决的法律问题，笔者对此进行了如下探索：首先，完善家庭暴力立法应当首当其冲明确界定家庭暴力的定义和范围；其次，笔者从民事、刑事救济两方面论述了健全家庭暴力法律干预机制，必须借鉴国外反家庭暴力法的一些宝贵经验，其中司法干预中制定民事保护令，公诉制度，司法矫治处分制度，证据制度、和设立专门家庭暴力法庭等都是有效防治家庭暴力的利器。

On the contrary, the author argues that we should conform us to the subsantialistic tendency of Economic Law and establish newfashioned controlled power mode such as amplifying the function of Third Sector enough、establishing and developping independent regulatory agency actively、paying regard to de-coercion of Economic Law.

重点探讨了经济法与司法的关系，认为司法在经济法运行中尽管有其用武之地，但司法作为一种旨在保障形式理性法有效运行的制度设计，其自身的性质和功能决定了司法在经济法运行中无法发挥主导作用，经济法在总体上不可能成为象民商法、行政法等传统法律那样的司法法或裁判法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。