叶黄质

Based on Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from these 10 phytoplasmas using PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony) software, these phytoplasmas could be classified into five groups. These phytoplasmas groups and strains were: group 1, sweetpotato witches' broom, mainland China strain of sweetpotato witches' broom, peanut witches' broom and Ipomoea obscura witches' broom; group 2, loofah witches' broom; group 3, elm yellows; group 4, rice yellow dwarf and sugarcane white leaf disease; group 5, New Jersey strain of aster yellows and western strain of aster yellows.

从spacer序列堆衍的亲缘演化树显示这10种植物菌质体可分为5群：第一群，甘薯簇叶病、甘薯簇叶病、花生簇叶病及细花牵牛簇叶病等菌质体；第二群，丝瓜簇叶病菌质体；第三群，榆树黄化病菌质体；第四群，水稻黄萎病及甘蔗白叶病菌质体；第五群，翠菊黄化病菌质体。

Six kinds of pigments were isolated and identified in benthic diatoms.They are carotene, chlorophyll a,fucoxanthin, chlorophyllin,P.neoxanthin and chlorophyll c.

鉴定出底栖硅藻的色素种类有 6种，它们分别是胡萝卜素、叶绿素 a、岩藻黄质、叶绿酸、新黄素、叶绿素 c。

Four kinds of main carotenoids from Ipomoea batatas were determined by external standards.

以外标定量法对红心薯中的4种主要类胡萝卜素(β-胡萝卜素，叶黄质，堇黄质，新黄质)进行了定量，结果较为满意。

The spore germination and gametophyte development of 21 ferns are studied. It indicates that :① the development period of prothallium and young sporophyte of the same species is different due to seeding time of spores;② the optimal temperatures of spores germination and gametophyte development of 21 ferns are about 15 -24 ℃;③ the rate of spore germination of rare ferns is much lower than the ferns which occur large populations in nature;④ the treatment with GA 3 can accelerate the germination of the spores;⑤ the prothallium changes from large to small, green to yellow when young sporophyte comes out. The prothalliums of all 21 ferns die away after the appear of the 3rd leaf of sporophytes;⑥ shapes of the 1st and 2nd leaves of the young sporophyte are different from those emerged later;⑦ spores cultured in dark can not germinate;⑧ a prothallium can develop only one young sporophyte though it has many archegoniums, and the spore propagation with leaf mould substrate is an economical method.

摘 要：以腐叶土为培养基质，对 21 种蕨类植物进行了孢子萌发和原叶体发育的研究，结果表明：①不同时期播种的同种蕨类的孢子，发育出原叶体和幼孢子体所历经的时间长短不同；②孢子萌发和配子体生长发育的适宜温度约为 15 ～ 24 ℃；③稀有蕨类的孢子萌发率低，而在野外能形成较大种群的蕨类的孢子萌发率高；④用 GA 3 处理孢子可以促进萌发；⑤当原叶体上长出幼孢子体时，原叶体由大变小，由绿变黄， 21 种蕨类的原叶体都在幼孢子体上长出第 3 片叶时消失；⑥幼孢子体上长出的第 1 、 2 片叶在形态上与以后长出的叶不同；⑦孢子萌发需要光；⑧ 1 片原叶体尽管有多个颈卵器，但仅发育出 1 株幼孢子体；⑨利用腐叶土进行蕨类孢子繁殖是一种经济实用的繁殖方法。

Light spectrum affected the contents of flavonoid and terpene,the photosynthetic rate,PAL activity,and relative stem growth.

通过大田和盆栽试验研究了光质及光照时间对银杏叶黄酮和内酯含量的影响。

The results showed that the rate of photosynthesis, the contents of individual and total carotenoids and the pool size of xanthophyll cycle decreased with age increasing of the leaf.

结果表明：随着叶片的衰老，光合速率、类胡萝卜素不同组分及总的类胡萝卜素含量和叶黄素循环库下降；不同叶龄的叶片经高光胁迫后，第 5叶qN增加的幅度比第 6叶和老叶(第 3和 4叶)大；与高光胁迫前相比，第 3、4、5和 6叶光系统Ⅱ激发压(1-qP)分别增加了 4 4 %、5 7%、19%和 4 5 %；第 5叶具有高胡萝卜素含量和高紫黄质到玉米黄质的转化，这与其呈现较强的抗高光胁迫相一致。

Now, Flavonoids and ginkgolides were mainly extracted from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba., but the leaves often contain high content of corious and cereous, and the effective constituent is very different under the various conditions. In addition, the constituent of ginkgolides is very low in the leaves, and thus the quality of extraction is difficult to reach the international standards.

目前人们主要从银杏叶中提取银杏黄酮和萜内酯，但由于银杏黄酮和银杏内酯的含量很低，尤其银杏叶中最主要的有效成分银杏内酯B主要存在于根中，在银杏叶中含量极低(＜0.1％)，且是在生长状态的叶中含量最高，采叶影响树的生长；又因银杏叶中主要的有效成分受多种因素的影响又有很大差别，银杏叶革质化、蜡质化程度高，使得国内银杏叶提取物的质量很难达到国际标准。

The highest total flavonoid rate was 1.127%. An all-round evaluation for the antioxidant activity of the flavonoids extract from zizania-bract was carried out with that of ascorbic acid as the control. The evaluation indexes included the cleanup rate of the polyphenolic extract towards superoxidized anionic radicals, hydroxyl radicals, DPPH free radicals, the deoxidizing ability, and the antioxidant activity towards the peroxidize of lipids and edible oils.

采用抗坏血酸作为对照，全面测定了茭白苞叶总黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基、DPPH自由基的清除率，以及还原能力、抗脂质过氧化活性和对食用油脂的抗氧化性的影响，结果表明，白苞叶中的总黄酮是一种有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。

It suggested that ginkgo leaf flavonoid has the effects of anti-oxygen free radicals i...

说明银杏叶黄酮具有较强的抗氧自由基损伤和抗指质过氧化损伤作用。

When aborted rats in group E were treated with the dose of 50 IU/g IFN-γ, expression of TNF-αin this group was compared with the other four groups, the results were as follows: Compared with group A, the nucleus pre-opticus medialis, nucleus pre-opticus mango celluaris, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami, nucleus arcuatus hypothalami and pars intermedia had a highly expression of TNF-α, in the other nuclei of hypothalamus, neurohypophsis and adenohypophysis, the change was not significantly, the expression of TNF-αin follicle and corpus luteum were decreased distinctly, the variation in uterus was slight and no difference was exsited; Compared with group B, the expression of TNF-αin nucleus nucleus lateralis hypothalami, nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, nucleus arcuatus hypothalami, adenohypophysis and uterus presented a remarkable enhancement, conversely, the TNF-αexpression in the nucleus pre-opticus medialis, nucleus pre-opticus suprachiasmaticus, nucleus supra-opticus, nucleus pre-opticus mango celluaris, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami, neurohypophsis, follicle and corpus luteum had been significantly decreased; Compared with group C, the nucleus pre-opticus medialis, nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami, nucleus arcuatus hypothalami, adenohypophysis, pars intermedia and uterus had upregulated the expression of TNF-α, however, it was decreased in the nucleus periventricularis hypothalami and corpus luteum; When compared with group D, the expression of TNF-αin nucleus lateralis hypothalami, nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami, nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, pituitary, follicle and ovary stroma were obviously enhanced, while in the nucleus supra-opticus and nucleus arcuatus hypothalami, the situation was definitely opposite, in the other parts, the change was not significant.

外源腹腔注射50 IU/g IFN-γ后，同A组相比：E组TNF-α免疫阳性产物在下丘脑视前内侧核、视前大细胞核、室周核、腹内侧核、背内侧核、弓状核、垂体中间部显著增高，在下丘脑其它核团、神经垂体、垂体前叶较A组差异不显著，在卵泡、黄体中阳性产物表达均较A组显著降低，在子宫中表达较A组变化不明显；同B组相比：E组TNF-α免疫阳性产物在下丘脑外侧核、腹内侧核、弓状核、垂体前叶、子宫均显著增高，在视前内侧核、视交叉上核、视上核、视前大细胞核、室周核、室旁核、神经垂体、卵泡、黄体中阳性物质表达均显著降低；同C组相比：E组下丘脑视前内侧核、腹内侧核、背内侧核、弓状核、垂体前叶与中间部、子宫均显著增高，在室周核、黄体中均显著降低；同D组相比：E组下丘脑外侧核、背内侧核、腹内侧核、垂体各部、卵泡、卵巢基质均显著增高，在视上核、弓状核显著降低，在其它部位表达变化差异不显著。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。