叶绿体

Using transmission electron microscope, I had found that there were obvious differences in the content of chloroplast and amyloplast and in the structure of grana lamella between transformed and wild tobaccos.

以转基因植株为材料，对植株叶片进行亚显微结构的透射电镜观察，发现野生型烟草与转基因烟草中的叶绿体、淀粉粒含量以及叶绿体中的基粒片层结构明显不同。

Results indicated that the variation was significant from treatment to treatment. S-deficiency caused bulging chloroplasts, loosening and dishevelled grana lamella, reducing organelle, and damaged chondriosome in mesophyll cells of the leaves, and empty cells of the roots, while S-excess, however, led to densification, condensation and randomization of grana lamella of the chloroplasts of the leaves, and separation of cytoplasms from walls of the cells of the roots.

结果表明，受S素营养胁迫的水稻，其根系及叶片的超微结构均发生了显著的变化：低S胁迫会造成水稻叶片叶肉细胞内的叶绿体结构肿胀，基粒片层松驰、散乱，细胞器减少，线粒体结构被破坏，根系细胞内几乎没有内含物；S浓度高则会使叶片叶绿体基粒片层致密、浓缩，无规则化，根系细胞发生质壁分离。

Tibetanum were more abundant, which can be used to broaden the genetic basis of common wheat. Cluster analysis exhibited that wild emmer had a closer consanguine relationship to hexaploid wheat, as compared to Aegilops tauschi. In addition, it was found that there was a closer genetic relationship in chloroplast genome of common wheat and T. petropavlavskyi, which indicated that T. petropavlavskyi probably derived from the backcross between common wheat and Polish wheat.

结果］与普通小麦相比，斯卑尔脱小麦和西藏半野生小麦等群体内的叶绿体遗传变异更丰富，可以作为普通小麦新的细胞质遗传变异来源；与粗山羊草相比，野生二粒小麦与六倍体小麦间存在更近的亲缘关系，这与前人关于二粒小麦是六倍体细胞质供体的研究结果相印证；研究还发现，新疆稻麦与普通小麦在叶绿体基因组上具有很近的亲缘关系，为新疆稻麦是由波兰小麦与普通小麦杂交再由普通小麦回交后产生的假说提供了分子水平上的证据。

In mitochondria, mitochondrial crista and inner membrane was more susceptible than outer membrane. In chloroplasts, though the arrangement of thylakoid membrane appeared disturbance priorly, the disintegration of thylakoid membrane was later than chloroplast envelope.

线粒体的嵴和内膜比外膜对高温更敏感；叶绿体的类囊体膜在热胁迫下较早出现排列紊乱，但解体时间却比叶绿体被膜晚。

Beijingensis under three droughttreatments, normal, moderate and severe stresses. The results showed:(1) the canker disease ofboth cultivars was serious gradually with increased drought;(2) the bark tissue cells sufferedplasmolysis, more evident with the severity of drought stress;(3) under the drought andinoculation with B. dothidea, cells of two cultivars damaged at different degree, mailyrepresented in the changes of organelles, such as chloroplast swollen and distorted, number ofmitochondria increased and membrane system indistinct; then organelles suffered furtherdamagement with inoculation time, thinned mitochondrias stroma, decreased cristae, crumpledand partly broken membrane of chloroplasts with stroma exosmosis. At last, the chloroplastspartly disorganized;(4) the hyphae growed mainly intercellular in resistant cultivar and notonly intercellular but also intracellular in susceptible cultivar, which directly caused thenecrosis of cells;(5) under the severe drought, the damage of cells enhanced the infection ofpathogen and drought and pathogen stressed together and promoted the disease development;the damage from pathogen on cells was more serious than that from drought.

结果显示：(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加，2种杨树溃疡病害发生渐趋严重；(2)干旱胁迫下，杨树树皮组织细胞发生质壁分离，并随胁迫程度的增加而严重；(3)干旱胁迫下接种病原菌，2种杨树细胞发生不同程度的损伤，主要表现为细胞器发生较大变化，如出现叶绿体肿胀变形、线粒体数量增多，质膜模糊不清等现象；随接种时间的延长，细胞器受到进一步损伤，叶绿体被膜折皱，严重时局部破裂，基质外渗，并部分最终解体；(4)毛白杨中的菌丝主要在细胞间隙中穿行，而北京杨的菌丝除在细胞间隙中生长之外，侵入细胞内部也较多，直接导致细胞的解体；(5)干旱胁迫下细胞的损伤促进了病原菌的侵染，干旱和病原菌的双重胁迫加剧了病害的发生程度，并且病原菌侵染对细胞的破坏程度大于水分胁迫。

E., the number of stocs in granum abnormally decreased, thylakoid systemwas disintegrated and replaced by few single thylakoid, and then the whole structure of some chloroplast became vesicle-like structure with high electronic density.

电镜观察发现，性状表达时叶片间断失绿区叶绿体内部结构发生退化，呈现基粒垛叠片层数的异常减少，或基粒消失仅剩基粒残迹，有的甚至整个叶绿体为高电子密度的囊泡状结构。

The results showed that the cluster analysis indicated that ploidy was highly correlated to the number of chloroplast in guard cell and the length of stomata.

结果表明，叶绿体数目和气孔长鉴定倍性的可靠性较高，其中，苹果气孔长误判率最低，为6.67 ％；梨气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数目误判率最低，为12.5 ％。

When the soil relative water content is 80%, the chloroplast and mitochondria cristae were regular. When the soil relative water content is 100%and 60%, the chloroplasts became roud in shape.There were bigger giqantic starch grains and fat droplets in the chloroplasts. Mitochondria cristae became swollen. When the soil relative water content is 40%and 20%, thylakoids became swollen and disorder in leaf cell, mitochondria cristae became obscured .

5在土壤相对含水量为80%时，叶绿体和线粒体能维持其结构和膜的完整性；在土壤含水量为100%和60%时，毛桃和石头扁桃叶片中的叶绿体变圆，出现大颗粒淀粉和脂类小滴，线粒体嵴膨胀；在土壤含水量为40%和20%时，叶绿体类囊体紊乱肿胀，线粒体嵴模糊或溶解。

The most important, PsaA/B apoproteins can be synthesized obviously in the dark, which is different with the early report [1] that PsaA/B apoproteins can't be synthesized in the etiolated plants such as pea, barley. This different may come from that the volume and size of the chloroplast is not markedly reduced in dark-grown Y-1 cells and many enzymes involved in photosynthesis are localized on the chloroplast envelope.

同时发现，叶绿体基因编码的PSI核心多肽PsaA/B能够在暗条件下合成，而资料报道[1]高等植物如豌豆、大麦的黄化体中不能合成PsaA/B蛋白，这可能是由于在脱绿的Y-1细胞中叶绿体的量并没有发生明显的减少，且仍具有相对完整的大小和形状，而在叶绿体的被膜上具有许多参与光合作用的酶系统。

A fast, simple and convenient method is established to isolate and characterize the cpDNA in leaves of Quercus variabilis. The protocol includes: chloplast isolation, deoxyribonuclease treatment, deproteinisation and purification of the DNA.

通过对以往的叶绿体DNA提取方法进行比较研究，建立了一个快速、简便提取栓皮栎叶绿体DNA的方法，其主要步骤包括叶绿体分离、DNA酶处理、去蛋白和纯化。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。