叶绿体

The nucleus of the bleached cell was unable to direct the synthesis of new chloroplasts.

这种漂白的细胞核不能直接合成新的叶绿体。

The phylogenetic relationships of Calycanthaceae were investigated by means of molecular systematics, which was based on three DNA sequences from three genomes, including chloroplast DNA trnL-F, nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial matR gene.

本文选取来自于三个基因组—核基因组、线粒体基因组和叶绿体基因组的3个DNA序列片段，对蜡梅科的系统发育进行重建，主要探讨了蜡梅科的系统位置和属间系统演化关系。

In the present study, we examine the chloroplast genomes of Ceriops tagal along the coasts of both sides of the Kra Isthmus to retrace divergence events and to evaluate the probability of previous long distance dispersal.

在此研究中，我们利用了母系遗传的叶绿体DNA作为分子标帜，试图追溯分布在克拉地峡两岸的红树林之细蕊红树是否受到马来半岛的隔离影响，导致遗传上的分歧，进而评估横跨海域的长距离扩散的可能性。

No fragment length nor nucleotide sequence differences were detected for 2 chloroplast intergenic spacers between Chilanshan and Alishan populations in both Chamaecyparis species.

结果发现红桧与台湾扁柏於栖兰山与阿里山两族群间，在两个叶绿体DNA之基因间区间序列其限制酶片段长度及核苷酸序列均没有差异。

The large stem and loop structure can be constructed from the sequence surrounding the 5' and 3' ends of the 16S rRNA gene.The stem is about h alf shorter than that of tobacco,due to a 79 bp deletion in Brassica napus chlor oplast.

5%、96.1%。油菜叶绿体16SrRNA基因5＇端上游及3＇端下游的顺序能互补而形成一个较大的茎环结构，但与烟草相比，由于3＇端下游顺序有79bp的缺失，因此，该结构中的茎部分大小仅为烟草的二分之一。

In addition, a little effect on chloroplastic pigments in C. acuminata seedlings was showed in our study.

栽培密度对喜树幼苗叶绿体色素含量也有一定的影响。

Four of the nine beta-amylases encoded in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome are predicted to be chloroplastic.

阿拉伯芥中九个beta淀粉水解酶中有四个被预测会送入叶绿体中。

Compared to WT, the sense-transgenic lines could maintain higher activities of chloroplastic SOD and APX, lower content of chloroplastic O2(superscript -) and H2O2 under salt stress.

与WT相比，盐胁迫下转正义基因植株维持较高的叶绿体超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性，O2和H2O2的含量较低。

The major results of this proposal are as follows:(1) ABA induces a rapid, substantial accumulation of apoplastic H2O2 in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of maize leaves, and the accumulation of apoplastic H2O2 is involved in the induction of the chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes.(2) ABA-induced H2O2 production activates a 46 kDa MAPK, which in turn induces the expression of antioxidant genes and up-regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The activation of MAPK also enhances H2O2 production, forming a positive amplification loop.(3) Water stress also induces the activation of a 46 kDa MAPK, which is dependent on the accumulation of ABA and H2O2 production induced by water stress and involved in the up-regulation of the expression and the activities of antioxidant enzymes.(4) ABA-induced H2O2 production mediates NO generation, which in turn activates a 46 kDa MAPK and results in the up-regulation in the expression and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in ABA signaling. NO-independent signaling is also involved in ABA- and H2O2-induced antioxidant defense.

本项目的主要研究结果如下：（1）ABA诱导的H2O2产生主要出现在叶肉细胞与维管束鞘细胞的质外体中，质外体H2O2的积累能够上调叶绿体与细胞溶质中抗氧化酶的活性；（2）ABA诱导的H2O2产生活化一个46kDa的MAPK，由此而导致编码抗氧化防护酶基因的表达与酶活性的上调；而MAPK的活化也能增强H2O2的产生，从而形成一个正的反馈调节环；（3）水分胁迫也能诱导一46kDa MAPK活化，这一MAPK活化依赖于水分胁迫诱导的ABA积累以及H2O2的产生，同时参与水分胁迫诱导的抗氧化防护基因的表达与抗氧化酶活性的上调；（4）ABA诱导一个依赖于H2O2的NO产生，NO活化一个46kDa的MAPK，从而导致抗氧化防护基因的表达以及抗氧化酶活性的上调；同时一个不依赖于NO的信号转导途径也存在于ABA诱导的抗氧化防护过程中。

ITS2 and M8 DNA sequences with large variations were screened out of twelve DNA fragments (four nuclear, four chloroplastic and four mitochondrial) to identify tea varieties in Taiwan.

本研究由4个细胞核及8个细胞质（含4个叶绿体及4个粒线体）序列变异较大之片段筛选出具较大序列变异性之ITS2及M8片段，目前开发出ITS2序列与粒线体部分序列，其中品种间ITS2具有33个单一核苷酸多型性，而品种间之M8具有5个核苷酸缺失/插入及2个单一核苷酸多型性。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新