叶绿体

The results indicated that chromosome counting was the most reliable and precise method, however, it was cumbersome and required skilled cytological techniques; The chromocenter size, heterochromatin number, chroloplast number of guard cell and certain plant morphological characteristics are simple and practical methods for ploidydetermination but with some shortages.

结果表明：对体细胞染色体的直接计数法是最可靠的方法，但费时、难度大；叶片气孔大小与倍性无显著相关性；保卫细胞叶绿体数目、体细胞染色中心大小以及异染色质个数与黄瓜倍性密切相关，是简单、快速而有效的倍性鉴定方法；植株的形态学观察也能间接确定植株倍性，但鉴定时期偏晚，精确性较差。

The approaches for decreasing the gene flow include chloroplast transformation, pollen sterility, seed sterility, cleistogamy, apomixis, temporal control, and transgenic mitigation.

目前降低外源基因扩散的方法主要有叶绿体转化、花粉不育、种子不育、闭花受精、无融合生殖、暂时性控制及转基因缓和等。

Palisade mesophyll : on the upper side of leaf, closely packed, contains many chloroplasts.

栅栏叶肉组织：在叶的上层，细胞紧密排列，含有许多叶绿体。

The results showed the complexness of relationship and origin of Mei cultivars, and supplied a new way to study the relationship of Mei cultivars.

利用从13个特异cpSSR引物中筛选出的来自烟草叶绿体的特异引物NTCP9建立了48份梅花栽培品种样品的cpDNA指纹图谱。

The students read texts to obtain the microscope-related concepts which included the following: making water mount specimen to be observed by depending on the correct steps, the image of object shown on compound microscope was enlarged directly by the specimen; some differences of structure were found both plant cell and animal's cell, animal's cell does not have cell walls and chloroplasts, it unable to photosynthesis; small living beings of water, consumers, will eat little small living beings.

学生由阅读文章而获得的细胞相关概念主要有：能依正确的步骤，制作一个水埋法标本片进行观察，在复式显微镜下观察到的影像和实物是左右相反、上下颠倒的，植物细胞和动物细胞的形态及构造有些差异，动物细胞不具细胞壁、叶绿体，无法行光合作用，有些水中的微小生物会摄食更小的微小生物，是消费者。

The results showed as follow:①Chinese astringent persimmon were climacteric respiration fruit, the respiration climacteric stage occurred at speediness softening stage. Ethylene climacteric stage and respiration climacteric stage were almost occurred at one time.②The activities of EXP, PG, PE, CX all had increased, and EXP increased early with PG, PE, CX in turn in persimmon fruit during ripening and softening.③Concomitancy to fruit softening, ultrastructural changes in the mesocarp tissue were occurred at speediness softening stage, showed as disaggregation of middle layer of cell wall, appearance of fibre-like structures, disorganization of chloroplast and distortion of some mitochondria.

研究结果显示：①中国涩柿属呼吸跃变型果实，在其快速软化期出现呼吸跃变；乙烯跃变与呼吸跃变几乎同期出现；②在成熟软化过程中，EXP、PG、PE、CX的活性均有上升，EXP活性上升最早，随后依次是PG和PE、CX；PG活性上升幅度最大；③伴随果实软化，果肉组织超微结构在快速软化期中胶层解体、丝状体出现，叶绿体解体、部分线粒体变形；④1-MCP可延缓柿果实硬度下降，常温下延长保硬期5-7天。

It also stains lignin and cutin red and chloroplasts pink.

它同样可使木质素和角质被染为红色，而将叶绿体染为粉色。

Over the last 10 years, antisense transgenic plants have been used as tools to address this and have revealed some unexpected findings. In this article, chloroplast tpi gene from spinach and tandem genes of chloroplast tpi gene from spinach and cytoplast fba gene from rice were transferred into filamentous, heterocystour cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.

将菠菜叶绿体tpi和水稻胞质fba的串联基因连接在光诱导的高效启动子PpsbA下游，克隆入pDC-08中构建了既能在大肠杆菌又能在蓝藻中表达的穿梭表达载体pDC-AT，并通过三亲接合转移转入鱼腥藻7120。

The shape of chloroplast didn't change after seedling was treated by GA〓, but the number of lamllasomes increased, and starch grain enhanced. These changes were accord to that of the rate of photosynthesis. Mitochondria varied greatly, the structure of mitochondria could see vaguely and carinace almost deliquesce after 4days. Enrolucrum emerged until the seventh day after treatment and endomembrance of mitochondria recovered gradually, cristae could be seen. On the other hand, the endomembrance of mitochondria in CK (normal non-bolting) was obvious and the quantity of cristae in the mitochondria was much more than the GA〓 treatment. This showed that respiration might decrease after GA〓 treatment while reduced the depletion of photosynthesis products and enhanced bolting.

GA〓处理后抽苔过程中叶绿体形状未发生变化，但类囊体增多，淀粉粒增多，这种变化与光合速率的变化吻合；线粒体变化较大，处理后4天线粒体结构较模糊，嵴不清晰，7天时外膜形成，内膜也逐渐恢复，能见到嵴，而对照线粒体内膜结构明显，嵴清晰数量也多，说明GA〓处理后，呼吸作用降低，减少光和产物的消耗；细胞膜无破损，较光滑完整，说明对细胞膜没有伤害。

The conserved regions of rRNA and tRNA genes exhibited higher sequence similarity among plant species. Five primer pairs were designed from the conserved regions distributing in psbA~trnK, psbB~psbH, rpl23~trnI, trnR-ACG~trnN-GUU and trnY-GUA~trnD-GUC, respectively to amplify sequences about 500~600 bp, 800~900 bp, 650~700 bp (350 bp, not legume species), 700~800 bp (400 bp in dicotyledon), and 500~600 bp.

经由上述比对分析后设计出5引子对，位於叶绿体基因体的位置分别为psbA~trnK、psbB~psbH、rpl23~trnI、trnR-ACG~trnN-GUU及trnY-GUA~ trnD-GUC，预期实际应用在其他物种上所能增幅之变异序列长度分别约为500~600 bp、800~900 bp、650~700 bp (豆科以外物种为350 bp)、700~800 bp (双子叶植物为400 bp)及500~600 bp。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。