叶绿体

However, chloroplast matK genes are indispensable since in nonphotosynthetic parasitic plant, Epifagus virginiana and fren, Adiantum capillus-veneris which chloroplast genome has rearrangememt, the chloroplast matK is functional even being a free-standing from with dismissed trnK exons.The chloroplasts of Psilotum, moss and liverworts all have trnK5'-matK-trnK3' structure, but it is found that matK is a pseudogene in hornwort Anthoceros formosae. Little is known in other lower land plants, it is the purpose of this thesis to examine the presence of chloroplast matK gene is these taxa.

叶绿体trnK5'-matK-trnK3'的结构在高等植物相当一致，但先前研究发现两个matK脱离trnK而存在的例子，像是叶绿体严重退化的寄生植物Epifagus virginiana及因叶绿体基因重组而导致trnK外显子丢失的铁线蕨，它们的matK仍然具有完整的开读框，显示了matK的确十分重要而不可缺失，藓苔类和松叶蕨也被证实具有trnK5'-matK-trnK3'的结构，但是在角藓中却发现其matK是伪基因。

The results of absorption spectra of chloroplasts showed that NO alleviated the effects of Cd on absorption spectra of chloroplast by raising the relative absorbance at 436 nm,480 nm and 470 nm,which caused lower contents of carotinoid and chlorophyll.

结果发现，Cd对叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量都有不同程度的降低，NO处理缓解了Cd的影响，使叶绿体室温吸收光谱的吸收率提高；Cd导致686 nm处峰偏移4 nm，峰值降低33%，734 nm处峰值降低23%，外源NO缓解了Cd对光合系统的影响，使得叶绿体低温荧光光谱在686和734 nm的峰值分别仅下降17%和10%；以DCPIP为人工电子受体， Cd处理的叶绿体中DCPIP还原速率较慢，光合电子传递(H2O→DCPIP)速率降低1.5倍，外源NO处理显著缓解了Cd对电子传递链的抑制，使其光合电子传递速率恢复到对照的水平。

The thylakoid of chloroplast was lost, the chloroplast was shrinked and composed into several discontinuous parts, which suggest that the function of chloroplast was destroyed;(2) the cell wall was thickened clearly, plasmolysis was found in most of Platymanas subcordiformis cells;(3) the number of mitochondria increased, some cristae of mitochondria were dissolved;(4) the number of vacuolar increased and the size of vacuolar was not uniform, the shape was deformed;(5) the nucleus was deformed and part of the nucleus membrane was dissolved;(6) Golgi dicytosomes accompanied with a loose arrangement of cisternae and the peripheral tips of the dictyosome cisternae are not especially swollen.

叶绿体内的类囊体缺失，叶绿体皱缩，叶绿体被分离成几个不连续的部分，说明叶绿体功能被破坏；(2)细胞壁明显增厚，细胞壁与细胞膜存在质壁分离现象；(3)线粒体数目增多，部分内嵴遭破坏；(4)液泡数目增多，大小不等，形状不规则；(5)细胞核变形，核膜部分解体；(6)UV-B处理的高尔基体有一个排列松弛的潴泡，潴泡的外围顶端并没有特别膨大。

Strain AR-15 penetrated the exodermal passage cells through the velamen cells or root hairs and further infected the cortical cells. There were a number of spores and hyphae in plant roots that was damaged by strain AR-15. Study on the ultrastructure of D. nobile root and its endomycorrhizal formationshowed that the wall of velamen cells of D. nobile root was thin, and there were waxylayers outside of velamen. Cells of exodermis were arranged tidily, having thick wallsand chloroplast.

金钗石斛根及其菌根的超微结构研究表明，金钗石斛根的根被细胞薄壁，在最外层根被细胞之外覆盖着蜡质层，外皮层细胞排列整齐，细胞壁厚，内含叶绿体，靠近外皮层的皮层细胞含叶绿体、线粒体，皮层细胞壁薄，细胞核明显，周围有叶绿体围绕，细胞膜附近有小泡结构。

Dongying wild soybean seedlings had the highest activities of antioxidant enzymes and higher Na+ transport efficiency under the short-term NaCl stress, which helped to alleviate the damage of the short-term NaCl stress.(4) The shape of chloroplasts was changed to circular from oval, and the granum stacks twisted under the short-term NaCl stress in the Shandong cultivar soybean leaves whereas, only twisted granum stacks were observed in the Dongbei wild soybean leaves.

4NaCl短期胁迫后山东栽培大豆幼苗叶片的叶绿体形状发生变化，由椭圆形变成了圆形，类囊体结构部分膨胀扭曲；东北野生大豆幼苗叶片的叶绿体形状没有多大变化，但是类囊体结构部分膨胀扭曲；而东营野生大豆幼苗叶片的叶绿体形状和类囊体结构都几乎没有变化。

Under normal temperature.the Ca2+-ATPase activity was found on the innerside of the PM.on the vacuole envelope and the chloroplast envelope,and theenzyme activity declined upon heat stress.The Ca2+-ATPase activity on the vacuoleenvelope,PM.and the chloroplast envelope in both Ca2+-and oxalate-treated peppermesophyll cells was higher than that in the control under the same condition.TheCa2+-ATPase was also found at the granum lamella,and it was activatedsignificantly by exogenous Ca2+ and oxalate treatments.Under heat stress.the Ca2+-ATPase activity declined slowly in both Ca2+- and oxalate-treated mesophyll cells.But La3+ treatment inhibited the enzyme activity under both normal condition andheat stress.

常温下生长的叶肉细胞，在质膜、液泡膜、叶绿体被膜等处有Ca2+-ATPase活性，热胁迫后酶活性下降；外源Ca2+和草酸预处理对辣椒叶肉细胞各种膜上Ca2+-ATPase活性具有促进作用，特别是定位于液泡膜、质膜和叶绿体被膜上的酶活性明显比对照提高；在叶绿体基粒和基质片层上也有酶活性，并且Ca2+和草酸预处理对该部位上的酶活性激活作用更明显；La3+处理的作用与Ca2+和草酸处理的效果相反。

The mitochondrion and chloroplast are the semiautonomous organelles: the DNA of mitochondrion and chloroplast; the protein synthesis of mitochondrion and chloroplast; protein sorting and assembly of mitochondrion and chloroplast.

线粒体和叶绿体是半自主性细胞器：线粒体和叶绿体的DNA；线粒体和叶绿体的蛋白质合成；线粒体和叶绿体蛋白质的运送和装配。

The chloroplast ultrastructure of the sepal in the fresh-cut broccoli florets was investigated with a transmission electron microscope.

对鲜切西兰花叶绿体超微结构的研究表明，乙醇对叶绿体外膜及内部基粒片层结构均起到保护作用，减小了贮藏期间叶绿体的破坏程度，显著延缓了叶绿体结构的解体。

Observation using transmission electron microscopy found the irreversible centripetal movement of chloroplasts in chlorotic plants, as a result occurred in three sequential events:(1) chloroplast positions changed from face position (with long axis of chloroplasts at the cell walls perpendicular to light ray) to profile position (with long axis chloroplasts near the cell walls parallel to light ray),(2) chloroplast shapes changed from long elliptical to circular,(3) chloroplasts were separated from the cell wall and moved to the center of the cell.

透射电镜观察发现失绿叶片中的叶绿体发生不可逆的向心运动，整个过程大致经历以下几个阶段：(1)叶绿体从叶绿体长轴垂直于光线转变至叶绿体长轴平行于光线；(2)叶绿体的形状从椭圆形转变为圆形；(3)叶绿体脱离细胞壁向细胞中心运动。

With electron microscope techniques, the cytopathological changes of the tobacco leaves infected by TMV-W and TMV-O 17 were observed.

受TMV-017侵染的烟草细胞中，叶绿体数量较少，叶绿体具双层膜结构，基粒片层排列整齐，有的叶绿体膨大，内含少量小的淀粉粒。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。