可逆过程

The external work in the irreversible adiabatic expansion process is the part of the expansion work, which is the sum of the available work and the work used to repel air. So the external work in the irreversible adiabatic expansion process is less than that in the reversible adiabatic expansion process, but not the expansion work.

终压相同时，可逆绝热膨胀过程对外所作的功等于膨胀功，不可逆绝热膨胀过程对外所作的功小于膨胀功，其对外所作的功仅是膨胀功的一部分，是排斥大气所作功与有用功之和，故不可逆过程对外所作的功小于可逆过程的膨胀功，而不是其"膨胀功"小于可逆过程的膨胀功。

Engineering Thermodynamics; closed system; irreversible process; adiabatic process

工程热力学；闭口系统；不可逆过程；绝热过程

The thermodynamic parameters of thermal and chemical denaturation were determined for bIgG using both methods.

DSC和荧光光谱实验结果表明， bIgG的热变性和热化学变性过程都是较复杂的不可逆过程，这个过程可被看作一个三态变构过程。

Basic contents: equilibrium state, state properties diagram, state postulate, equation of state, quasi-static process and reversible process, etc.

基本内容：平衡状态，状态公理与状态方程式，准静态过程和可逆过程，热力过程、热量和功量，热力循环等

A reversible process changes the state of a system in such a way that the net change in the combined

当可逆过程改变系统状态时，系统与外界的熵的总量改变为零。+当可逆过程改变系统状态时，系统与外界的熵的总量改变为零。

Difficulties: quasi-static process and reversible process; Calculation on heat and work in reversible process

难 点：准平衡过程和可逆过程的定义，可逆过程的热量和功量计算。

Focus: equilibrium state, quasi-static process and reversible process, state properties and path variable, etc.

重 点：平衡状态、准平衡过程、可逆过程、状态量与过程量等。

Focuses on the conditions that can meet the requirement of the reversible process. Sets up an ideal model of the desiccant solution, based on the mass balance and energy balance, by solving which the flow rate ratio and heat balance results can be obtained.

在对溶液的性质进行合理简化的基础上，分析了溶液与空气的热质交换过程的流量比和过程需要吸收或释放的热量，得到在不同工况下，可逆过程所要求的流量比和应该补充或带走的热量。

Therefore, the unattainability of absolute zero is an independent law.

由热力学第二定律可导出可逆过程和无法使温度降到绝对零度，但对于不可逆过程则无法导出，因而绝对零度不能达到是一条独立的定律。

The formal potentials in cyclic voltammograms of these 3+ valence complexes are followed: Co〓-TPPS (-0.08V )＞Fe〓TPPS (-0.14V)＞Mn〓-TPPS (-0.23V). The electrochemical reaction of Mn〓-TPPS is reversible, and both of Co〓-TPPS and Fe〓-TPPS are quasi-reversible. The standard heterogeneous rate constants of Co〓-TPPS and Fe〓-TPPS were determined to be 1. 4×10〓cm/s and 1.4×10〓cm/s respectively. The rates of electrode reaction are as followed: Mn〓-TPPS＞Co〓-TPPS＞Fe〓-TPPS, e.i. Mn〓-TPPS is the most easily oxidized by the dissolved oxygen, and Fe〓-TPPS is oxidized slower than Co〓-TPPS. Ni〓-TPPS can not be oxidized. It is considered that oxygen plays an important role in the valence change of central metal atom and the rate of electron transfer in some metalloporphyrins.

三价金属卟啉络合物在循环伏安图上可得到三价到二价的还原和氧化响应，电极电位从大到小排列为：Co〓-TPPS(-0.08V)＞Fe〓-TPPS(-0.14V)＞Mn〓-TPPS(-0.23V)，电极反应可逆性也不相同，Mn〓-TPPS是可逆过程，Co〓-TPPS、Fe〓-TPPS是准可逆过程，实验测得Co〓-TPPS的标准电极反应速率常数ks＝1.4×10〓cm/s，Fe〓-TPPS的ks＝1.4×10〓cm/s，电极反应的速率从大到小为：Mn〓-TPPS＞Co〓-TPPS＞Fe〓-TPPS，即Mn〓-TPPS最容易被溶解氧所氧化，Fe〓-TPPS被氧化的速度最慢，Ni〓-TMPyP不能被氧化，因此我们认为溶解氧对金属卟啉中心离子的价态和电子转移速率起着重要作用。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。