可观测的

We expect it will benefit the industry field to break through the optical measuring limits at present by offering some new ideas. Optical measuring research based on moire interferometry has developed for several decades. The main idea of this research is to utilize the moire effect caused by two superimposed gratings of identical or similar spatial frequency. One is the reference grating and it is a virtual grating created by a computer program in this research; The other grating is the image of grating projected on the measured surface by the DLP projector, and this grating will distort because of the different sloped profile of the surface. To superimpose the program-created grating and the captured distorted grating will derive the so-called moire effect. This research combined the basic theory of optical interferometry and moire effect to project the different phases of the projected grating fringes by the phase-shifting method and compute the principal value of arguments between -π,π. In the end, the phase unwrapping program based on discrete Fourier transform of solving PDEs is used to unwrap the phase of the measured surface, and finally the surface profile is derived by the optical measuring system.

以叠纹干涉术为基础的光学检测研究之发展早已行之有年，而在本研究中所采用的投影叠纹法(Projection moiré)之主要精神在於藉由两道空间频率相近或相同的光栅相互叠加而成的效应，其中一道为参考光栅，而本研究中的参考光栅是以程式产生可调整不同空间频率的虚拟光栅；另一道则为投影至待测物表面的光栅影像，而在起伏高度不一的待测表面上的光栅影像会受到待测物表面起伏状况不同而在观测方向产生光栅投影条纹影像的歪曲变形，将电脑产生的参考光栅与由影像撷取装置所获取投影於待测物表面的光栅影像作叠合，便会产生所谓的叠纹效应；利用基本的光学干涉理论与叠纹效应结合，本研究中以相移法来改变投影於待测表面的光栅相位，再以相移法的理论反运算出在带有待测面各点高度资讯之介於-π，π相位主幅角，再以离散傅立叶转换解偏微分方程的相位重建程式还原待测面的相位值，以得知待测面之表面轮廓。

Through S-wave polarization scanning mode of ultrasonic impulse testing, rock samples with three different properties are measured to evaluate the variation of S-wave velocity in three perpendicular coordinates. By analyzing S-wave splitting of three directions and polarization of the maximum or minimum speed S-wave amplitudes, we think that the velocity orthotropy and fracture orientation observed in the grain sandstones and crack marble samples can be estimated in terms of the polarization and velocity of S-wave. Also, perpendicularity characteristics on the two types of rocks can attribute to the bedding and structure of rocks (directional grains or crystallize).

在实验室通过选择了三种不同岩性的岩石，采用超声脉冲测试方法中的横波偏振扫描方式，观测了岩石样品三个坐标方向上的横波速度变化，通过分析三个传播方向上出现横波分裂的差异，以及出现最大或最小快慢横波振幅的偏振方向发现，可从横波偏振方向和速度值判断出纹理砂岩和裂隙大理岩样品存在不同程度的速度正交各向异性和裂隙方向等特征，认为这两种岩石的正交特性的原因是岩石的层理或裂隙与岩石本身的结构构成的。

This project was established based on the first cooperative development of optical in situ real time detecting technique probing the atomic scale layer-by-layer epitaxy growth of oxide film. Over the last three years, we have given full play to the advantages and characteristics of both sides and have finished the assumptions and plans of this subject satisfactorily. 1. In Institute of Physics, we set up advanced oblique-incidence reflectivity difference equipment and wrote one data acquisition procedure that made the simultaneous detection of optical signal and RHEED signal into reality. 2. The first observation of sustained oscillations over hundreds of monolayers in both real and imaginary signals during the epitaxy growth of SrNb0.1Ti0.9O3 on SrTiO3 substrate in LMBE testifies that oblique-incidence is an excellent method to detect and monitor film epitaxy growth real time. 3. For the first time, we verify that oblique-incidence reflectivity difference method can be used to monitor the layer-by-layer growth mode during continuous growth through the correspondence between optical signals to atomic or molecular step edge density on the growth surface. 4. Phenomenological analysis shows that optical signals comprise three parts, the first is proportional to the average thickness of the film and depends on the bulk phase dielectric response; the second is proportional to the coverage of terraces and depends on the dielectric response of atoms or unit cells in the terrace; the third is proportional to the coverage of step edges and depends on the effective dielectric response of atoms or unit cells at step edges. This makes oblique-incident reflectivity difference technique a quantitative macroscopic method to monitor film growth.

中文摘要：本课题是在合作首次发展了氧化物薄膜原子尺度层状外延生长光学原位实时探测方法的基础上立项的，三年来，我们充分发挥双方的优势和特点，圆满完成了课题的设想和计划。1、在物理所建立了一套先进的光反射差法装置，编写了计算机系统的数据采集程序，实现了两路光学信号和RHEED数据的同步采集和显示。2、用激光分子束外延在SrTiO3基底上生长SrNb0.1Ti0.9O3薄膜，首次观测到连续外延几百个原胞层，周期振荡的光反射差实部和虚部信号，证明了光反射差法是一种能原位实时探测与监控薄膜层状外延生长的好方法。3、首次验证了通过对生长表面原子或分子台阶密度的响应，光反射差法可用于原位实时监测在连续生长条件下薄膜的层式生长模式。4、通过唯象理论的研究，证明光反射差信号由三项组成，第一项只与薄膜的平均厚度和宏观光学电介质常数有关；第二项与分子台阶面覆盖度和台阶面上分子层的光学电介质常数有关；第三项与台阶边缘的覆盖度成正比，并和在台阶边缘的分子的有效光学介电常数有关。

With the IAP Prediction System of Short-term Climate Anomaly, two sets of seasonal and extra-seasonal ensemble hindcasts have been performed during the period of 1980～1994 in order to assess the prediction skill of the IAP PSSCA with two different schemes The difference of the two schemes is in the different version of AGCM used, with the IAP AGCM 1 1 in one scheme and the IAP AGCM 1 2 with an improved surface albedo parameterization in the other Comparisons of the hindcast results with the observations show that IAP PSSCA is capable of predicting the precipitation anomaly to some extent In the eastern China largely affected by Asian monsoon and SST anomalies, the prediction skill is relatively high, especially in the Southeastern China where the anomaly correlation coefficient can reach as high as 0 50 in the severe flood and drought years This may suggest that the possible mechanisms for these severe disasters have been well captured by the IAP PSSCA The prediction skill is higher for the modified model AGCM 1 2 as the model's climatological state is well simulated This indicates that models with reasonable land process will improve the prediction skill for short-term climate prediction

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的短期气候距平数值预测系统，种版本的大气环流模式：AGCM 1.1和AGCM 1.2，分别以2月11～19日的9天大气观测值为初始场，以给定海温为边界场，对1980～1994年的15年的降水异常进行了两组集合后报试验。对试验结果进行定量评估表明：IAP PSSCA对降水异常具有一定的预测能力，特别是在中国东部受东亚季风及海温异常影响的地区，IAP PSSCA具有较高的预报技巧，其中以东南区域(包括江淮流域和华南地区)最高，尤其是对有洪涝灾害的降水异常年，距平相关系数在0.50左右，接近可供业务使用的要求，说明模式能够抓住在东亚季风区存在的某种物理机制，从而提高了这一地区的预报技巧；另外，两个大气环流模式相比，改进了地表反照率的AGCM 1.2的15年集合平均预测技巧略高于AGCM 1.1，特别是在华北地区，预测效果有明显提高，这表明改进地表反照率从而改进了模式的气候平均态的模拟，能提高气候模式的预测能力，说明较好的陆面过程引入模式对短期气候预测是有益的。

The experimental results indicate that the maximum slope angle measured by LSCM reaches at least 50°, and the clear three dimensional profile is obtained in the profile analysis of cantilever. Meanwhile, the deformation accurately measured by two dimensional quantitative analysis is 3.145μm, and the field area is 384μm×288μm in mosaic function equipped with LSCM in 100×objective, which can solve the problem that the watched object's total shape in single frame micrographic image can not be obtained under high microscopic enlargement times.

实验结果表明：运用LSCM测量的斜面最大角度至少可以达到50°；在悬臂梁的形貌分析中，可获得清晰的三维形貌，同时通过二维定量分析精确测得其形变为3.145μm：在100×物镜下，运用拼接功能获得384μm×288μm的视场面积，解决了高放大倍数下，在单帧显微图像中无法获取所观测对象全貌的问题。

The adoption of the International Celestial Reference System and the changes of observational strategy call for the use of departure point on the moving equator independently from Earth's orbital motion. A Nonrotating Origin, proposed by Guinot, is selected.

国际天球参考系的使用、观测精度的提高和方法的改善要求采用与地球轨道运动无关的运动赤道上的起算点， Guinot提出的非旋转原点可作为这样一种选择。

Millisecond time scales in the X-ray light curve of Scorpius X-1. The estimated sizes of these occulting TNOs are about or less than 100 m. This is the first time that TNOs of such a small size are detected. Our discovery of the X-ray occultation demonstrates a new method to study smaller TNOs.

所以，我们在这里介绍了我们利用X-ray波段的掩星方法，藉由利用RXTE卫星观测天蝎座X-1的数据，在毫秒尺度找到了一些可能的X-ray掩星事件，而这方法将可让我们了解一些大小在100公尺左右或更小的物体的分布情形，而这也是我们第一次在X-ray波段所发现掩星事件，而这方法的持续研究将能让我们对於太阳系的形成会有更多的帮助，因次在此提出来和大家分享。

An advanced non-destructive measurement technique was applied for the first time in the research of two-phase transport of gas-water in coal seam. The home-made triaxial osmoscope which is made up of non-magnetic polycarbonate material and can change confining pressure, axial pressure and pore pressure, was placed into the magnetic cavity of NMRI instrument.

首次将先进的无损检测NMRI成像技术引入煤层中气水两相运移的研究领域，将自主设计研制的、可同时改变围压、轴压和孔隙压的、非磁性聚碳酸酯材料制成的三轴渗透仪置于NMRI成像仪磁体腔中，通过气驱水和水驱气NMRI试验实时观测了气水流动规律。

The story of the quantum revolution has been told so many times that it has become as ritualized as the stations of the cross. How Max Planck, faced with some curious observations about hot glowing objects, reluctantly proposed that light is sputtered out in packets — the quanta. How Albert Einstein , seeing deeper, realized that light must also travel that way, that its waves were also particles. How Bohr brought the graininess into the atom, with electrons hopping between orbits in quantum jumps. How Heisenberg, marooning himself on the bleak isle of Helgoland, saw that there were no orbits, that what happened inside atoms was different from anything that could be pictured by a human brain.

量子革命的故事已讲述过很多遍，就象讲述耶稣受难经过的画像一样已经仪式化，诸如：马克斯·普朗克面对炽热物体一些不寻常的观测数据，如何艰难地提出辐射是一单元一单元地射出的，这种最小的单元即能量子；爱因斯坦观察得更深刻一些，如何意识到光线也是这样运行的，光波也是粒子；玻尔如何利用量子跃迁过程中电子在轨道之间来回跳跃，来揭示原子的多微粒结构；海森堡自我流放到阴冷的赫尔戈兰岛上，如何观察到原子内部并没有轨道，其内部所发生的情况不同于人脑可想象出的任何情况。

Research conclusions:In the repetition survey for precise control of outside tunnel, it can be verified whether the result of repetition survey meets the requirement of construction accuracy or not through making comparison of the distance with azimuth of corresponding baseline.

研究结论：在隧道洞外精密控制测量的复测中，对组成的同名基线进行距离和方位角对比，可以很快验证复测成果是否符合施工精度要求；同名基线的验证方法可以有效地反映观测误差对隧道横向贯通误差的影响；工程实践证实，同名基线对比分析可避免过于繁琐的内业工作，及时确保施工安全和进度。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。